AI History in Papers
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Reinforcement learning and games

From dynamic programming and temporal-difference learning to Q-learning, policy gradients and the AlphaGo family.

Reinforcement learning and games 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Solid lines are confirmed citations (OpenAlex or the citing paper's own reference list); dotted lines are influences stated in textbooks without a confirmed citation. Vertical position is the theme group.
YearFirst authorTitleEra
1957BellmanDynamic ProgrammingCh. 2 Symbols and perceptrons 1956–74
1959SamuelSome Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of CheckersCh. 2 Symbols and perceptrons 1956–74
1983Barto et al.Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problemsCh. 3 Knowledge systems and connectionism 1974–93
1988SuttonLearning to predict by the methods of temporal differencesCh. 3 Knowledge systems and connectionism 1974–93
1989WatkinsLearning from Delayed RewardsCh. 3 Knowledge systems and connectionism 1974–93
1992Watkins & DayanQ-learningCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
1992WilliamsSimple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learningCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
1995TesauroTemporal difference learning and TD-GammonCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
1998Kaelbling et al.Planning and acting in partially observable stochastic domainsCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
1998Sutton & BartoReinforcement Learning: An IntroductionCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
1999Sutton et al.Policy Gradient Methods for Reinforcement Learning with Function ApproximationCh. 4 Statistical learning 1990–2011
2013Mnih et al.Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement LearningCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2015Mnih et al.Human-level control through deep reinforcement learningCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2015Schulman et al.Trust Region Policy OptimizationCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2015Lillicrap et al.Continuous control with deep reinforcement learningCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2016Silver et al.Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree searchCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2016Mnih et al.Asynchronous Methods for Deep Reinforcement LearningCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2017Schulman et al.Proximal Policy Optimization AlgorithmsCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2017Silver et al.Mastering the game of Go without human knowledgeCh. 5 Deep learning 2012–17
2018Silver et al.A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-playCh. 6 Pretraining and generation 2017–22
2019Schrittwieser et al.Mastering Atari, Go, Chess and Shogi by Planning with a Learned ModelCh. 6 Pretraining and generation 2017–22