작품 활동과 역사

작곡가 10명의 작품 활동을 시기별로, 교향곡의 편성·템포 지시어·악기 사용의 변화를 IMSLP 작품면으로, 그리고 A음 높이의 역사를 Ellis 의 19세기 측정표로 본다. 1.2 에서 더했다.

1. 경력 띠 2. 나이별 작품면 3. 쓴 시기와 연주 비율 4. 교향곡 편성 5. 템포 지시어 6. 악기 사용 7. A음 높이

단위는 IMSLP 작품면이다 — 한 곡이 여러 면이거나 여러 곡이 한 면인 경우가 있어 「작곡한 작품 수」와 같지 않다. 10명의 작품면 4,589개(다른 작곡가로 재귀속돼 넘어간 면과 다른 작곡가 이름의 면은 뺐다), 작곡 연도가 적힌 면 4,094개 가운데 「~이전/이후」처럼 한계만 적힌 247개는 연도 집계에서 뺐다. 수용은 뉴욕 필 공연 기록을 작품번호로 매칭했다.

1. 경력 띠 — 해마다 무엇을 썼나

연도별 작품면 수(작곡 기간이 여러 해면 해마다 나누어 셈. 개정·후대 판본 연도는 넣지 않았다)를 장르별로 쌓았다. 옅은 바탕은 생애. 막대에 마우스를 올리면 그해 내역이 나온다. 작곡가마다 세로축이 다르다.

관현악극음악성악실내악건반기타

바흐 1685~1750 · 작품면 1246 · 연도 확인 877

하이든 1732~1809 · 작품면 641 · 연도 확인 453

모차르트 1756~1791 · 작품면 732 · 연도 확인 666

베토벤 1770~1827 · 작품면 359 · 연도 확인 332

슈베르트 1797~1828 · 작품면 1019 · 연도 확인 948

브람스 1833~1897 · 작품면 161 · 연도 확인 150

차이콥스키 1840~1893 · 작품면 155 · 연도 확인 152

드보르자크 1841~1904 · 작품면 145 · 연도 확인 144

말러 1860~1911 · 작품면 22 · 연도 확인 20

스트라빈스키 1882~1971 · 작품면 109 · 연도 확인 105

표 보기 (10)

작곡가	관현악	극음악	성악	실내악	건반	기타
바흐	49	0	571	42	570	14
하이든	140	5	103	322	69	2
모차르트	186	24	196	180	132	14
베토벤	41	11	104	90	101	12
슈베르트	26	17	759	49	163	5
브람스	14	0	89	25	33	0
차이콥스키	43	21	43	14	29	5
드보르자크	39	9	35	37	23	2
말러	7	0	14	1	0	0
스트라빈스키	28	17	35	13	13	3

2. 나이별 작품면 비율 — 몇 살에 가장 많이 썼나

작곡 연도가 확인된 작품면을 작곡 연도와 출생 연도의 차(만 나이가 아니다) 5년 구간으로 묶은 비율. 곡의 길이·규모는 통제하지 않아 「노동량」 비교가 아니다. 모든 칸이 같은 축(0~90세)이다.

바흐 정점 35–39 25%

하이든 정점 60–64 19%

모차르트 정점 25–29 23%

베토벤 정점 25–29 22%

슈베르트 정점 15–19 53%

브람스 정점 25–29 21%

차이콥스키 정점 35–39 20%

드보르자크 정점 35–39 33%

말러 정점 40–44 30%

스트라빈스키 정점 35–39 14%

3. 쓴 시기와 연주 비율

회색 막대는 작곡 시기(5년)별 작품면 비율, 파란 점은 작곡 연도까지 매칭된 뉴욕 필 연주(작품 연주 U1) 가운데 그 시기에 쓴 작품의 비율. 가로축은 연주 시점이 아니라 작곡 시기다. 같은 % 축이다. 점이 막대보다 높으면 그 시기 작품이 상대적으로 많이 연주된다. 한 오케스트라의 기록이다.

작품면 비율뉴욕 필 연주 비율

바흐 연도까지 매칭 72%

하이든 연도까지 매칭 90%

모차르트 연도까지 매칭 95%

베토벤 연도까지 매칭 99%

슈베르트 연도까지 매칭 95%

브람스 연도까지 매칭 91%

차이콥스키 연도까지 매칭 83%

드보르자크 연도까지 매칭 96%

말러 연도까지 매칭 84%

스트라빈스키는 작품번호가 없어 매칭하지 못해 뺐다.

표 보기 (10)

작곡가	뉴욕 필 작품 연주	매칭	연도까지
바흐	2129	77%	72%
베토벤	6471	99%	99%
브람스	3674	91%	91%
드보르자크	1838	96%	96%
하이든	1416	93%	90%
말러	1082	84%	84%
모차르트	4415	97%	95%
슈베르트	1715	96%	95%
스트라빈스키	1672	0%	0%
차이콥스키	4331	85%	83%

4. 교향곡 편성 — 관악·타악·건반 파트 수

이 10명의 교향곡 가운데 IMSLP 편성 상세가 있는 207곡(합창이 있는 교향곡 포함). 점 하나가 교향곡 하나, 검은 선은 10년 구간 중앙값. 편성란에 적힌 비현악 파트를 셌다(현악은 세지 않음, 수가 없는 악기는 1, 괄호 안 악기 포함, 타악기는 개별 악기가 적혀 있으면 그것만). 연주자 수나 악보의 실제 파트 수와 같다는 보장은 없다.

표 보기 (207)

작곡가	작품	연도	파트	연주 시간(분)
하이든	Symphony No.27 in G major	1757	6	14
하이든	Symphony No.32 in C major	1757	9	20
하이든	Symphony No.20 in C major	1757	9	18
하이든	Symphony No.37 in C major	1757	9	18
하이든	Symphony No.18 in G major	1757	6	15
하이든	Symphony No.1 in D major	1759	6	13
하이든	Symphony No.19 in D major	1759	6	14
하이든	Symphony No.10 in D major	1760	6	15
하이든	Symphony No.17 in F major	1760	6	20
하이든	Symphony No.25 in C major	1760	6	14
하이든	Symphony No.2	1760	6	9
하이든	Symphony No.11 in E-flat major	1761	6	22
하이든	Symphony No.36 in E-flat major	1761	6	21
하이든	Symphony No.7 in C major	1761	8	26
하이든	Symphony No.8 in G major	1761	7	26
하이든	Symphony No.33 in C major	1761	9	22
하이든	Symphony No.6 in D major	1761	7	24
하이든	Symphony No.4 in D major	1762	6	15
하이든	Symphony No.9 in C major	1762	8	13
하이든	Symphony No.5 in A major	1762	6	18
하이든	Symphony No.3 in G major	1762	6	18
하이든	Symphony No.13 in D major	1763	10	23
하이든	Symphony No.12 in E major	1763	6	21
하이든	Symphony No.16 in B-flat major	1763	6	14
하이든	Symphony No.40 in F major	1763	6	18
하이든	Symphony No.72 in D major	1763	13	26
하이든	Symphony No.21 in A major	1764	6	17
하이든	Symphony No.14 in A major	1764	6	16
하이든	Symphony No.22 in E-flat major	1764	6	21
하이든	Symphony No.23 in G major	1764	6	20
하이든	Symphony No.24 in D major	1764	7	19
하이든	Symphony No.15 in D major	1764	6	19
모차르트	Symphony No.1	1764	4	11
하이든	Symphony No.29 in E major	1765	6	23
하이든	Symphony No.39 in G minor	1765	8	21
하이든	Symphony No.31 in D major	1765	9	32
하이든	Symphony No.30 in C major	1765	7	15
하이든	Symphony No.34 in D minor	1765	6	24
모차르트	Symphony No.4	1765	4	8
하이든	Symphony No.28 in A major	1765	6	23
모차르트	Symphony No.5	1765	4	8
모차르트	Symphony in G major	1766	4	12
하이든	Symphony No.35 in B-flat major	1767	6	25
모차르트	Symphony No.6	1767	7	13
하이든	Symphony No.58 in F major	1767	6	22
하이든	Symphony No.38 in C major	1767	9	20
하이든	Symphony No.41 in C major	1768	9	26
하이든	Symphony No.48 in C major	1768	8	30
하이든	Symphony No.49 in F minor	1768	5	25
모차르트	Symphony No.8	1768	7	14
모차르트	Symphony No.7	1768	9	10
하이든	Symphony No.59 in A major	1768	6	24
하이든	Symphony No.26 in D minor	1768	6	17
모차르트	Symphony No.9	1769	9	12
하이든	Symphony No.65 in A major	1769	5	24
모차르트	Symphony No.10	1770	4	10
모차르트	Symphony No.45	1770	7	12
모차르트	Symphony No.47	1770	8	11
모차르트	Symphony No.11	1770	5	12
모차르트	Symphony No.44	1770	5	10
하이든	Symphony No.43 in E-flat major	1770	5	25
하이든	Symphony No.52 in C minor	1771	5	23
모차르트	Symphony No.14	1771	6	14
하이든	Symphony No.42 in D major	1771	5	30
모차르트	Symphony No.13	1771	5	17
모차르트	Symphony No.12	1771	8	13
모차르트	Symphony No.46	1771	8	15
모차르트	Symphony No.42	1771	4
모차르트	Symphony No.48	1771	9
모차르트	Symphony No.50	1771	9
하이든	Symphony No.44 in E minor	1772	5	24
하이든	Symphony No.47 in G major	1772	5	24
모차르트	Symphony No.16	1772	4	14
모차르트	Symphony No.17	1772	4	12
모차르트	Symphony No.15	1772	5	14
모차르트	Symphony No.20	1772	7	16
하이든	Symphony No.45 in F-sharp minor	1772	5	27
모차르트	Symphony No.19	1772	6	16
모차르트	Symphony No.21	1772	5
모차르트	Symphony No.18	1772	6	13
하이든	Symphony No.46 in B major	1772	5	20
모차르트	Symphony No.26	1773	10
모차르트	Symphony No.23	1773	6
모차르트	Symphony No.22	1773	6
모차르트	Symphony No.24	1773	6
모차르트	Symphony No.25	1773	8
하이든	Symphony No.64 in A major	1773	5	23
하이든	Symphony No.51 in B-flat major	1773	5	24
하이든	Symphony No.50 in C major	1773	8	18
모차르트	Symphony No.27	1773	4
하이든	Symphony No.68 in B-flat major	1774	8	25
하이든	Symphony No.56 in C major	1774	8	36
모차르트	Symphony No.51 in D major	1774	4
모차르트	Symphony No.28	1774	6
모차르트	Symphony No.29	1774	4
모차르트	Symphony No.30	1774	6
하이든	Symphony No.54 in G major	1774	11	30
하이든	Symphony No.55 in E-flat major	1774	5	25
하이든	Symphony No.57 in D major	1774	6	32
하이든	Symphony No.67 in F major	1774	6	28
하이든	Symphony No.60 in C major	1774	8	30
하이든	Symphony No.66 in B-flat major	1774	6	20
모차르트	Symphony No.52	1775	6
하이든	Symphony No.69 in C major	1775	9	25
하이든	Symphony No.61 in D major	1776	10	25
하이든	Symphony No.53 in D major	1777	9	25
하이든	Symphony No.63 in C major	1777	16	22
모차르트	Symphony No.31	1778	13
하이든	Symphony No.70 in D major	1778	9	20
모차르트	Symphony No.32	1779	13
하이든	Symphony No.71 in B-flat major	1779	6	33
모차르트	Sinfonia concertante	1779	4	30
모차르트	Sinfonia concertante	1779	4
모차르트	Symphony No.33	1779	6
모차르트	Symphony No.34	1780	11
하이든	Symphony No.74 in E-flat major	1780	6	25
하이든	Symphony No.76 in E-flat major	1781	6	20
하이든	Symphony No.73 in D major	1781	10	24
하이든	Symphony No.77 in B-flat major	1782	6	20
모차르트	Symphony No.35	1782	13
하이든	Symphony No.78 in C minor	1782	6	20
모차르트	Symphony No.36	1783	9
모차르트	Symphony No.37 (Mozart)	1783	5
하이든	Symphony No.81 in G major	1784	7	25
하이든	Symphony No.79 in F major	1784	7	25
하이든	Symphony No.80 in D minor	1784	7	20
하이든	Symphony No.85 in B-flat major	1785	7	22
하이든	Symphony No.87 in A major	1785	7	22
하이든	Symphony No.83 in G minor	1785	7	21
하이든	Symphony No.86 in D major	1786	10	27
하이든	Symphony No.82 in C major	1786	10	25
하이든	Symphony No.84 in E-flat major	1786	7	22
모차르트	Symphony No.38	1786	11	25
하이든	Symphony No.88 in G major	1787	10	22
하이든	Symphony No.89 in F major	1787	7	22
모차르트	Symphony No.39	1788	10	28
하이든	Symphony No.90 in C major	1788	10	25
모차르트	Symphony No.40	1788	9
모차르트	Symphony No.41	1788	10
하이든	Symphony No.91 in E-flat major	1788	7	25
하이든	Symphony No.92 in G major	1789	10	27
하이든	Symphony No.95 in C minor	1791	10	22
하이든	Symphony No.96 in D major	1791	11	20
하이든	Symphony No.93 in D major	1791	11	25
하이든	Symphony No.94 in G major	1791	11	24
하이든	Symphony No.97 in C major	1792	11	27
하이든	Concertante in B-flat major	1792	10	23
하이든	Symphony No.98 in B-flat major	1792	11	28
하이든	Symphony No.100 in G major	1793	16	25
하이든	Symphony No.99 in E-flat major	1793	13	30
하이든	Symphony No.101 in D major	1794	13	30
하이든	Symphony No.102 in B-flat major	1794	11	25
하이든	Symphony No.103 in E-flat major	1795	13	30
하이든	Symphony No. 104 in D major	1795	13	27
베토벤	Symphony No.1 in C major	1799	13	25
베토벤	Symphony No.2	1800	13	30
베토벤	Symphony No.3	1803	14	45
베토벤	Symphony No.5	1804	18	30
베토벤	Symphony No.4	1806	12	30
베토벤	Symphony No.6	1808	16	40
베토벤	Symphony No.7	1811	13	38
베토벤	Symphony No.8	1812	13	25
슈베르트	Symphony No.1	1813	12	30
슈베르트	Symphony No.2	1814	13	35
슈베르트	Symphony No.3	1815	13	20
슈베르트	Symphony No.4	1816	15	31
슈베르트	Symphony No.5	1816	7	30
슈베르트	Symphony No.6	1817	13	32
베토벤	Symphony No.9	1822	23	65
슈베르트	Symphony No.8	1822	16	25
슈베르트	Symphony No.9	1825	16	60
브람스	Symphony No.1	1862	19	45
드보르자크	Symphony No.2	1865	19	50
드보르자크	Symphony No.1	1865	20	50
차이콥스키	Symphony No.1	1866	22	45
차이콥스키	Symphony No.2	1872	23	40
드보르자크	Symphony No.3	1873	23	35
드보르자크	Symphony No.4	1874	23	40
드보르자크	Symphony No.5	1875	22	40
차이콥스키	Symphony No.3	1875	20	45
차이콥스키	Symphony No.4	1877	23	42
브람스	Symphony No.2	1877	19	45
드보르자크	Symphony No.6	1880	20	43
브람스	Symphony No.3	1883	19	35
드보르자크	Symphony No.7	1884	19	37
브람스	Symphony No.4	1884	21	40
말러	Symphony No.1	1884	41	55
차이콥스키	Manfred	1885	35	54
차이콥스키	Symphony No.5	1888	21	46
말러	Symphony No.2	1888	64	90
차이콥스키	Symphony in E-flat major	1889	25	37
드보르자크	Symphony No.8	1889	21	36
드보르자크	Symphony No.9	1893	23	40
차이콥스키	Symphony No.6	1893	24	46
말러	Symphony No.3	1896	54	100
말러	Symphony No.4	1900	32
말러	Symphony No.5	1902	42
말러	Symphony No.6	1903	55	80
말러	Symphony No.7	1904	46	80
스트라빈스키	Symphony in E-flat major	1905	25	40
말러	Symphony No.8	1906	59	85
말러	Das Lied von der Erde	1908	41
말러	Symphony No.9	1909	41	85
말러	Symphony No.10	1910	34	75
스트라빈스키	Symphony of Psalms	1930	33	22
스트라빈스키	Symphony in C major	1938	21	30
스트라빈스키	Symphony in Three Movements	1942	27

5. 템포 지시어의 구성 — 악장 줄에 어떤 템포어가 적혔나

IMSLP 교향곡 범주(오르간 교향곡·여러 곡 묶음 면·목록 면 제외)의 악장 목록에서 줄마다 사전에 있는 첫 템포어(Adagio·Allegro·Vivo 등, 독일어·프랑스어 지시어 포함)를 뽑아 여섯 단계로 묶었다. 연주 속도(BPM)가 아니라 적힌 지시어의 구성이다. 느린 서주가 있는 악장은 서주의 템포어로 잡히고, 판본이 둘 적힌 면은 두 판의 줄이 모두 들어간다. 25년 구간, 인식된 줄이 20개 이상이고 인식률(템포어가 잡힌 줄 / 목록 줄) 60% 이상인 구간만.

느림보통 느림보통보통 빠름빠름매우 빠름

이탈리아어가 아닌 템포 지시어의 비율

Langsam·Lebhaft·Modéré·Slowly처럼 자국어로 쓴 템포어가 템포어가 잡힌 줄 가운데 차지하는 비율.

표 보기 (12)

25년 구간	교향곡	목록 줄	템포어 인식 줄	인식률	비이탈리아어
1750	133	490	405	83%	0.2%
1775	112	438	367	84%	0.0%
1800	47	181	161	89%	0.0%
1825	29	144	120	83%	3.3%
1850	64	298	266	89%	7.1%
1875	111	467	400	86%	7.8%
1900	128	557	432	78%	14.4%
1925	97	395	324	82%	4.0%
1950	61	249	193	78%	9.8%
1975	11	57	28	49%	0.0%
2000	37	318	113	36%	8.8%
2025	8	56	22	39%	13.6%

6. 악기 사용 변천 — 교향곡 편성란에 이름이 오른 악기

IMSLP 교향곡 범주 3,140면 가운데 한 곡짜리 관현악 교향곡이면서 작곡 연도와 편성 상세가 모두 있는 700곡(구간당 20곡 이상인 구간만). 편성 상세가 없는 면이 70%를 넘어 전체 교향곡의 확률 표본이 아니다. 칸의 숫자는 그 25년 구간 교향곡 가운데 편성란에 그 악기 이름이 적힌 비율(%) — 선택·겸용 악기도 「적힘」으로 셌고, 실제 연주 여부나 최초 도입 시점을 뜻하지 않는다. 행 순서는 처음 절반을 넘는 구간 순으로 대략 맞췄다.

표 보기 (20)

악기	1750	1775	1800	1825	1850	1875	1900	1925	1950	2000
하프시코드·통주저음	48%	2%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	2%
오보에	96%	92%	100%	100%	100%	99%	99%	98%	100%	98%
호른	98%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	95%	97%
바순	70%	78%	100%	100%	100%	98%	100%	99%	100%	95%
플루트	23%	71%	100%	100%	100%	99%	100%	99%	100%	100%
트럼펫	25%	52%	93%	93%	100%	99%	98%	98%	98%	92%
팀파니	20%	49%	89%	100%	100%	99%	93%	93%	86%	78%
클라리넷	2%	17%	85%	100%	100%	99%	100%	99%	100%	94%
피콜로	0%	5%	11%	23%	48%	57%	81%	81%	88%	55%
트롬본	0%	2%	26%	80%	83%	99%	95%	93%	95%	81%
콘트라바순	0%	0%	7%	13%	2%	14%	56%	60%	60%	34%
잉글리시 호른	1%	0%	0%	10%	19%	28%	67%	64%	72%	36%
그 밖의 타악기	0%	2%	7%	20%	33%	54%	79%	83%	91%	64%
하프	0%	0%	0%	13%	22%	28%	62%	59%	63%	41%
튜바	0%	0%	0%	7%	26%	62%	81%	86%	91%	61%
베이스 클라리넷	0%	0%	0%	3%	4%	16%	65%	53%	65%	33%
첼레스타	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	32%	24%	33%	16%
피아노	0%	0%	0%	3%	2%	1%	13%	25%	16%	14%
오르간	0%	0%	0%	3%	2%	3%	14%	6%	5%	6%
색소폰	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	1%	3%	8%	12%	3%

7. A음 높이의 역사 — 1361~1880년대 a′ 의 진동수

A. J. Ellis 가 모은 역사적 음고 표(헬름홀츠 『On the Sensations of Tone』 영역 3판 1895, 부록 XX 섹션 H Table I, 495~504쪽 — 퍼블릭 도메인)를 쪽 이미지에서 옮기고 1885년 2판과 전부 대조한 242행 가운데 연도가 있는 235행. 점 하나가 Ellis 가 모은 a′ 기록 하나다. 대부분은 소리굽쇠·오르간 파이프·악기에서 잰 값이지만, 남은 파이프나 문헌에서 계산한 값과 제안·채택된 기준값(예: 1860년 Society of Arts 의 시행되지 않은 기준안, 1885년 런던 발명·음악 박람회의 채택값)도 있다. 가로축은 표에 적힌 연도라서 늘 측정한 해는 아니다. 오르간은 건립 연도가 붙은 것이 있고(1361년 할버슈타트 오르간은 프레토리우스가 적은 파이프 치수로 Ellis 가 모형을 만들어 계산한 값이다), 「1740~1812」 같은 기간은 첫해에 찍었다. 흐린 점은 연도가 「~이전/이후/무렵」이거나 기간인 것. 검은 선은 25년 구간 중앙값(5점 이상 구간)으로, 장소·기구·측정법이 다른 기록을 같은 무게로 합친 값이다. 점이 드문 구간을 건너 이어지므로 선이 지나는 해에 자료가 있다는 뜻은 아니다. 색은 설명 칸의 낱말로 나눈 용도의 대략의 구분이다. 제작자의 직업(오르간 제작자)은 용도로 보지 않았고, 교회 건물 이름이 없으면 오페라·관현악·악대 용도를 오르간보다 앞세웠다. 오페라 극장의 오르간처럼 둘에 걸치는 기록이 있어 시기별 용도 비교에는 쓰지 않는 편이 좋다. 같은 시기에도 장소와 용도에 따라 100 Hz 넘게 벌어진다. 이것은 측정된 표본의 분포이지 각 시대의 「표준」이 아니다. 표는 1880년대에서 끝난다.

교회·오르간 (78)오페라·관현악·극장·악대 (86)기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등) (71)

표 보기 (242)

a′ (Hz)	센트	연도(원문)	장소	설명	관측	구분	쪽
370.0	0	—		Ideal lowest pitch or zero point	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
373.1	15	—		Calculated from D.'s measurements of an open wooden pipe 1·3 metres long, taken as c	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
373.7	17	1648	Paris	Paris, from a model after Mersenne	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
374.2	19	1700a	Lille	Lille, organ of l'Hospice Comtesse	Delezenne	교회·오르간	495
376.6	31	1766	Paris	Paris, from a model after Bédos	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
377.0	33	1511	Heidelberg	Heidelberg, from a model after Arnold Schlick (see 535 cents)	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
384.3	66	1700c	Lille	Lille, old fork found 1854a by M. Mazingue	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
384.6	69	1851	Lille	Lille, organ of St. Sauveur, rebuilt, with old pitch	Delezenne	교회·오르간	495
392.2	100	1739	St. Petersburg	St. Petersburg, a clavichord according to Marpurg, but Euler gives no particulars	Euler	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
393.2	104	1713	Strassburg Minster	Strassburg Minster, great organ by A. Silbermann	Stockhausen & E.	교회·오르간	495
395.2	114	1759	Cambridge	Cambridge, Bernhardt Schmidt's organ at Trinity College, 1708, after being new voiced and 'shifted' in 1759	Dr. R. Smith	교회·오르간	495
395.2	114	1720	Rome	Rome, pitch-pipes observed by Dr. R. Smith	Dr. R. Smith	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
395.8	117	1789	France, Versailles	France, Versailles, copy of fork No. 410 at the Musée du Conservatoire, Paris, compared with the original by Cavaillé-Coll	McLeod & E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	495
396.4	119	1615	Palatinate of the Rhine	Palatinate of the Rhine, from a model of pipe described by Salomon de Caus	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
398.7	129	1854a	Lille	Lille, old organ of La Madeleine restored	Delezenne	교회·오르간	495
402.9	148	1648	Paris	Paris, Mersenne's Spinet, from his statement that B♮ = Bédos's 4-foot c (see 31 cents)	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
403.9	152	1730	Padua	Padua, from copy sent by Prof. Rossetti of the old lower f″ fork of the bellfoundry of Colbacchini	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
406.6	163	1704	Paris	Paris, result of several experiments on an e pipe	Sauveur	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
407.3	166	1854	Lille	Lille, organ of St. Maurice repaired, old pitch kept	Delezenne	교회·오르간	495
407.9	169	1762	Hamburg	Hamburg, organ of St. Michaelis Kirche, built by Hildebrand of Dresden, under the direction of Handel's friend, J. Mattheson (1681~1764), in the chamber pitch of the period, still preserved; now, and probably always, in equal temperament	Schmahl & E.	교회·오르간	495
409.0	174	1783	Paris	Paris, Court clavecins, fork of Pascal Taskin, their tuner	Lissajous	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
410.0	178	—	Paris	Paris, 18th century pitch-pipe found in the cabinet of the Faculty of Sciences	Lissajous	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
411.4	184	1688	Hamburg	Hamburg, chamber pitch on the former 8-foot Gedact of the St. Jacobi organ (see 484 cents)	Schmahl & E.	교회·오르간	495
413.3	191	—		'Schneider's Oboe,' date and place unknown	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
414.4	196	1776	Breslau	Breslau, clavichords	Marpurg	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	495
415.0	199	1754	Dresden	Dresden, organ of the Roman Catholic Church by Gottfried Silbermann, pitch of the chained fork placed there by King August der Grechte, 1763~1827, who would not allow the pitch to be changed; the fork was lent me by Frau Naeke	E.	교회·오르간	495
415.5	201	1722	Dresden	Dresden, organ of St. Sophie, built by G. Silbermann	Naeke	교회·오르간	496
418.0	211	1780	St. Petersburg	St. Petersburg, organs; no particulars	Euler	교회·오르간	496
418.1	212	1878	Dresden	Dresden, present pitch of the organ of the Roman Catholic Church, from a fork tuned for me there	E.	교회·오르간	496
419.0	215	1700c	London	London, Renatus Harris's organ at St. John's, Clerkenwell	E.	교회·오르간	496
419.5	217	1714	Freiberg, Saxony	Freiberg, Saxony, G. Silbermann's organ	Naeke	교회·오르간	496
419.6	218	1858	Madrid	Madrid, ton de chapelle, calculated	de la Fage	교회·오르간	496
419.6	218	1785	Seville, Spain	Seville, Spain, pitch of the old organ of Torje Bosch, from a fork said by the organist Don Yñiguez to be in exact unison with its a′ at a mean temperature	E.	교회·오르간	496
419.9	219	1715c	England	England, rude tenor a fork, belonging to Rev. G. T. Driffield, who held it to have been made by John Shore, the inventor of tuning-forks	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
420.1	220	1780	Winchester College	Winchester College organ, from one of the pipes added by Green when repairing R. Harris's organ of 1681	E.	교회·오르간	496
421.2	224	1860	Russian Imperial Court	Russian Imperial Court church band from fork lent by Frau Naeke	E.	교회·오르간	496
421.3	225	1780	Vienna	Vienna, fork of the Saxon organ-builder Schulze, who lived at Vienna in Mozart's time	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
421.6	226	1780	Vienna	Vienna, copy of fork of Stein, who made Mozart's clavichords and pianos, lent me by Frau Naeke	Naeke & E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.3	229	1780	Dresden	Dresden, fork of former Court organist Kirsten	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.3	229	1780c	Verona	Verona, from a copy of a c′ fork believed to be the Roman pitch of 1780, preserved at the bell-foundry of Cavedini, procured by Prof. Rossetti of Padua	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.5	230	1751	England	England, Handel's fork belonging to Rev. G. T. Driffield. The organ at Cannons in the private chapel of the Duke of Chandos, built by Jordans, and afterwards bought by Trinity Church, Gosport, has been recently (in 1884) examined by the organist, Mr. Howlett, and found to have had in Handel's time, when he used to play on it, a B♮ (now B♭) pipe of 12·3 inches long, and 1 inch in diameter; this shews that its pitch, was then A423·5, or practically the same as Handel's fork	E.	교회·오르간	496
422.5	230	1820a	Westminster Abbey	Westminster Abbey, as originally tuned by Schreider and Jordans, from indications by Mr. T. Hill, who retuned it to a′441·7. It had been altered by Greatorex to a′433·2, Smart's pitch	E.	교회·오르간	496
422.5	230	1838	Bath Abbey Church	Bath Abbey Church, as rebuilt by Smith of Bristol, from indications by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	496
422.5	230	1877p	England	England, Mr. J. Curwen's Tonic Solfa standard c″507, using the just a′ only	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.6	230	1790a	Kew Parish Church	Kew Parish Church, Green's organ, untouched and in meantone temperament when measured in 1878, built as a chamber organ for George III.	E.	교회·오르간	496
422.6	230	1754c	Lille	Lille, very old fork found in workshops of M. François, musical instrument maker there	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.6	230	1780c	Padua	Padua, from copy of the higher f″ fork of the bell-foundry of Colbacchini (see 152 cents)	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
422.7	231	1800c	England	England, from old fork, c″505·7, belonging to Messrs. Broadwoods	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	496
423.0	232	1820	Paris	Paris, Théâtre Feydeau, Opéra Comique, from copy of fork at the Conservatoire, Paris, compared with the original by Cavaillé-Coll	McLeod and E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	496
423.2	233	1778	London	London, Green's organ at St. Katherine's, Regent's Park, still (when I measured it) in meantone temperament (see sect. G., p. 484c′)	E.	교회·오르간	496
423.2	233	1815~1821	Dresden	Dresden, band of the Opera while C. M. von Weber (1786~1826) was conductor (Kapellmeister)	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	496
423.3	233	1813	London	London, second copy of Peppercorn's fork by which the pianofortes of the Philharmonic Society were originally tuned; this copy was prepared for the Society of Arts in 1860, and is now in the possession of Messrs. Broadwoods	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	496
423.7	235	1813	London	London, first copy of Peppercorn's fork made before 1860, belonging to Mr. Hipkins; see last entry, the original is lost, and it is impossible to say which was correct. The difference, 2 cents, is utterly insignificant	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
424.1	236	1740~1812	Eutin (18 miles N. of Lübeck)	Eutin (18 miles N. of Lübeck), fork of Franz Anton von Weber, father of Carl Maria von Weber	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
424.2	237	1619	Brunswick	Brunswick, from a model made from Prætorius's drawing of an organ pipe at a 'suitable' church pitch	E.	교회·오르간	497
424.2	237	1823	Paris	Paris, Italian Opera, mean of twenty measurements of a fork given by Spontini	Fischer	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
424.3	237	1750a	London	London, old forks formerly belonging to Prof. Faraday, lent me by Mr. D. J. Blaikley	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
424.3	237	1749	London	London, organ at All Hallows the Great and Less, Upper Thames Street, built by Glyn & Parker, by whom Handel's Foundling Hospital organ was built	E.	교회·오르간	497
424.4	238	1833	Weimar	Weimar, from a model of Töpfer's wide principal c″-pipe	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
424.6	239	1800c	England	England, old fork said to have been used in Plymouth Theatre, lent me by Dr. Stainer	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
424.9	240	1805	London	London, old D fork of Elliott's, by which he tuned the organ built for the Ancient Concerts at the Hanover Square Rooms, lent me by his successor, Mr. T. Hill	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
424.9	240	1800c	Germany	Germany, fork of the bassoonist Kummer	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
425.2	241	1730c-1780c	Padua	Padua, mean of two ancient pitch-pipes belonging to the bellfoundry of Colbacchini, lent me at the request of Prof. F. Rossetti there	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
425.5	242	1829	Paris	Paris, pitch of opera piano as distinct from the orchestra, verified by Monneron for de la Fage	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
425.6	242	1740~1780	England	England, Schnetzler's organ at the German Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace	E.	교회·오르간	497
425.6	242	1764	Halifax	Halifax, Schnetzler's organ, from indications by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	497
425.8	243	1824	Paris	Paris, pitch of opera, suddenly lowered on 31 March for Mme. Branchu, whose voice was failing. The piano for rehearsals was also lowered, and was not raised immediately when the orchestra was raised; this was called opera pitch	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
425.8	243	1839	Bologna, Italy	Bologna, Italy, pitch of fork of Tadolini, the best tuner in the town	de la Fage	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
425.9	244	1740	Great Yarmouth	Great Yarmouth, St. George's Chapel, by Byfield, Jordan & Bridge	Tunbridge & E.	교회·오르간	497
426.5	246	1843	Wimbledon Church	Wimbledon Church, organ built by Messrs. Walker	E.	교회·오르간	497
427.0	248	1811	Paris	Paris, Grand Opera	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	497
427.2	249	1878a	Norwich Cathedral	Norwich Cathedral organ before it was altered by Bryceson, supposed to be by R. Harris	E.	교회·오르간	497
427.5	250	1877a		Tonic Solfa pitch to 1877, afterwards 422·5	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
427.6	250	1823	Paris	Paris, Théâtre Feydeau, fork given by Spontini	Fischer	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
427.7	251	1696	London	London, old organ built by R. Harris, a pipe of St. Andrew Undershaft, from Green's Organ, preserved by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	497
427.8	251	178 8	St. George's Chapel, Windsor	St. George's Chapel, Windsor, measured in Feb. 1880, while still in meantone temperament	E.	교회·오르간	497
428.7	255	1670	Newcastle-on-Tyne	Newcastle-on-Tyne, St. Nicholas Church organ built by Renatus Harris, frequently altered except in pitch	Ions	교회·오르간	497
430.0	260	1810c	Paris	Paris, Fork of M. Lemoine, a celebrated amateur	Lissajous	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	497
430.4	262	1701	Fullham Parish Church	Fullham Parish Church organ, built by Jordans. This pitch was officially adopted in Italy in 1884 as the pitch of the Italian army brass bands, giving B♭456, the nearest whole number to equal B♭456·13, which would correspond to the 'arithmetical' pitch C512	E.	교회·오르간	497
431.3	264	1625	Lavenham (16½ miles W.N.W. of Ipswich)	Lavenham (16½ miles W.N.W. of Ipswich), from a famous old tenor bell sounding d288·4	Lewis	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
431.7	267	1826	Paris	Paris, Grand Opera, fork given by Spontini	Fischer	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
432.2	269	1854a	Lille	Lille, organ of St. André repaired	Delezenne	교회·오르간	498
432.3	270	1846c	England	England, old fork which belonged to the father of Messrs. Bryceson, organ-builders, and had not been tuned since 1848, when it had been sharpened slightly	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
433.0	272	1820c	London	London, fork approved of by Sir George Smart, conductor of the Philharmonic Concerts, in possession of Mr. Hipkins, from c″ 518 using meantone temperament; if equal temperament were used it would give a′435·4 and be a 30 years' anticipation of French pitch. Used in this way it is Broadwoods' lowest pitch. Long sold in shops as 'London Philharmonic'	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
433.2	273	1828	London	London, Sir G. Smart's own Philharmonic fork. Sir G. Smart considered this a′ fork of his to agree with c″518 (see last entry). This shews that he used meantone temperament	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
433.6	275	1847	Shrewsbury	Shrewsbury, St. Mary's, built 1729, by John Harris and John Byfield, pitch altered in 1847 by Gray & Davison	Byolin & E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
433.9	276	1834	Vienna	Vienna, fork I., Delezenne's Vienna minimum	Scheibler	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
434.0	276	1829	Paris	Paris, opera, verified by M. Montal, after the opera had recovered its pitch, the opera piano remaining at a′425·5, which see, and also a′425·8	Cagniard de la Tour	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
434.0	276	1834c	Paris Opera	Paris Opera, fork by Petitbout, luthier de l'opéra	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
434.3	278	1818	Paris	Paris, Chapelle des Tuileries, from a copy compared by Cavaillé-Coll of fork No. 493 in the Conservatoire	McLeod & E	교회·오르간	498
434.5	278	1869	Baden	Baden, fork sent officially to Society of Arts	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
434.7	279	—	London	London, from a model of pipe representing b′486·1, one foot long and one inch diameter, on Renatus Harris's organ at All Hallows, Barking	E.	교회·오르간	498
435.0	280	1826	Dresden	Dresden, opera, fork of Kapellmeister Reissiger, successor to C. M. von Weber. Naeke considers this to have been Dresden pitch from 1825 to 1830	Naeke	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
435.0	280	1859	Carlsruhe	Carlsruhe, opera, the fork which determined the French Diapason Normal	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
435.2	282	1834a	Paris	Paris, Conservatoire, fork made by Gand, luthier du Conservatoire	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
435.4	282	1859	Paris	Paris, the Diapason Normal in the Conservatoire, used extensively in Germany, officially adopted for the Belgian army in 1885. The various imperfect copies used are not cited	Koenig & E	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
435.9	283	1868	U. S. America	U. S. America, E. S. Ritchie's standard pitch	Cross & Miller	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
436.0	284	1802	St. Petersburg	St. Petersburg, five-foot organ pipes	Sarti	교회·오르간	498
436.0	284	1846p	London	London, 'Philharmonic,' from Mr. Hipkins's vocal pitch, c″518·5, which for equal temperament gives a′436, but on meantone temperament, for which it was first used, gave a′433·5; the fork with which Mr. E. J. Hopkins compared the pitch of the organs at Lübeck, Hamburg, and Strassburg, see his The Organ ed. 1870, art. 791, p. 189	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
436.0	284	1878	London	London, Messrs. Bishop's standard for church organs	E.	교회·오르간	498
436.1	285	1878	London	London, fork to which Messrs. Bryceson tuned the organ at Her Majesty's Theatre	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
436.5	286	1834c	Vienna	Vienna, opera, fork II.	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	498
436.7	287	1845	Florence	Florence, fork lent by M. Marloye	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
436.8	287	1740~1780	Dublin	Dublin, Green's organ in the Refectory of Trinity College, probably sharpened	E.	교회·오르간	498
436.9	288	1869	Würtemberg	Würtemberg, fork sent officially to the Society of Arts	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	498
437.0	288	1859	Toulouse	Toulouse, Conservatoire	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
437.1	289	1666	Worcester	*Worcester, cathedral organ built by Thomas and Renatus Harris, from a pipe at Mr. T. Hill's	E.	교회·오르간	499
437.3	289	1872	Berlin	Berlin, from a fork furnished by Pichler, who tuned the piano of the opera	Fischer	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
437.4	289	1854a	Paris	Paris, opera, from four forks purchased before 1854, and found to be in unison	Delezenne	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
437.4	289	1744	Maidstone	*Maidstone, Old Parish Church, built by Jordans, altered, but not in pitch, in 1878 in meantone temperament	Streatfield & E.	교회·오르간	499
437.8	291	1862	Dresden	Dresden, fork given by the direction of the Court Theatre to its librarian, Herr Moritz Fürstenau, after the conference on pitch held there, by whom it was lent me to measure, meant for a′440	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
438.9	295	1696	Boston, England	*Boston, England, organ built by Christian Smith, from a pipe preserved by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	499
439.4	297	—	Lille	Lille, old fork formerly belonging to the Marquis d'Aligre	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
439.4	297	1834c	Vienna	Vienna, opera, fork III.	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
439.4	297	1878	Dresden	Dresden, opera pitch at date, from a fork specially prepared for me by the Court organ-builder, Jehmlich, and sent by Herr Moritz Fürstenau, librarian of the theatre	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
439.5	298	1812	Paris	Paris, Conservatoire, from copy of a fork preserved there, verified by Cavaillé-Coll	McLeod & E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
439.5	298	1855	England, Barking, Essex	England, Barking, Essex, Parish Church organ (probably originally a′474·1), built by Byfield & Green, 1770, after alterations by Messrs. Walker	E.	교회·오르간	499
439.9	299	1845	Turin	Turin, fork lent by Marloye	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
440.0	300	1829	Paris	Paris, opera orchestra, verified by Monneron for de la Fage	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
440.0	300	1878	London	London, Messrs. Gray & Davison's standard pipe	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
440.2	301	1834	Stuttgart	Stuttgart pitch, =440 at 69° F., Lissajous measured it, as 440·3 to French Diapason Normal, reckoned as 435, which then when corrected to 435·4 gives 440·7	Scheibler	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
440.2	301	1879	London	London, Messrs. Walker & Sons' standard pipe	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
440.3	301	1834c	Vienna Opera	Vienna Opera, fork IV.	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
440.5	302	1878	London	London, Messrs. Bevington's standard pipe	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
440.9	303	1834c	Paris Conservatoire	Paris Conservatoire, not trusted so much by Scheibler as 435·2	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
441.0	304	1836~1839	Paris Opera	Paris Opera, fork of M. Leibner, who kept the pianos to pitch of orchestra, verified by Meyerbeer	Delezenne	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
441.0	304	1836	Paris	Paris, Opéra Comique	Cagniard de la Tour	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
441.0	304	1859	Dresden	Dresden, fork sent to Fr. Com. by the Kapellmeister Reissiger	Fr. Com.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
441.0	304	1879	London	London, church organ pitch of Messrs. Lewis & Co.	E.	교회·오르간	499
441.1	304	1834	Vienna Opera	Vienna Opera, fork V., given by Prof. Blahetka as trustworthy; in 1879 this fork was found and lent to me, and then from rust and ill-treatment measured only 439·9, the greatest loss of pitch I have found in any fork	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
441.2	305	1878	London	London, Covent Garden Opera, fork for Messrs. Bryceson to tune the organ to	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	499
441.3	305	1842	London	London, the equal a′ corresponding to the late Dr. John Hullah's standard fork, c″524·8, purporting to be c″512; J. H. Griesbach measured it as 521·6	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
441.7	307	1690	Hampton Court Palace	Hampton Court Palace, Bernhardt Schmidt's organ from an original pipe, 12 inches long and 1·2 inch in diameter, giving b′♭472·6	E.	교회·오르간	499
441.7	307	1660	Whitehall, Chapel Royal	Whitehall, Chapel Royal, organ by Bernhardt Schmidt, according to indications by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	499
441.7	307	1878	London	London, standard pipe of Messrs. Hill and Sons, from c″525·3	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	499
441.8	307	1834c	Berlin	Berlin opera	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
442.5	310	1859	Toulouse	Toulouse opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
442.5	310	1859	Brussels	Brussels, opera under direction of Bender	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
442.7	311	1878	Vienna	*Vienna, small Franciscan organ kept at modern pitch, from a fork tuned for me by the organ-builder Ullmann	E.	교회·오르간	500
443.0	312	1859	Bordeaux	Bordeaux opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
443.0	312	1859	Stuttgart	Stuttgart opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
443.1	312	1815c	Durham	*Durham organ, as altered by shifting from a′474·1; a′444·7, the present pitch of new organ, is by Willis	E.	교회·오르간	500
443.1	312	1869	Bologna, Italy	Bologna, Italy, Liceo Musicale, from fork sent officially to Soc. of Arts	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
443.2	313	1878	Vienna	*Vienna, St. Stefan cathedral organ, from a fork tuned for me by organ-builder Ullmann	E.	교회·오르간	500
443.3	313	1836	Paris	Paris, Wölfel's pianos	Wölfel	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
443.3	313	1859	Gotha	Gotha, opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
443.4	313	1878	London	London, from Messrs. Bryceson's standard pipe	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
443.5	314	1859	Brunswick	Brunswick, opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
443.9	315	1880	U.S. America, Boston	U.S. America, Boston, organ of Church of the Immaculate Conception	Cross & Miller	교회·오르간	500
444.0	315	1860		Intended but unexecuted standard of Society of Arts to c″528		기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
444.2	316	1880	U.S. America	U.S. America, from c″528, the 'low organ pitch' of Hutchings, Plaisted & Co.	Cross & Miller	교회·오르간	500
444.3	317	1840	France, St. Denis Cathedral	*France, St. Denis Cathedral, organ built by Cavaillé-Coll	Cavaillé-Coll	교회·오르간	500
444.3	317	1880	London	*London, Temple Church organ after rebuilding by Messrs. Forster and Andrews, who retained the pitch which they found, which was Robon's, originally built by Bernhardt Schmidt, with both E♭ and D♯, and both A♭ and G♯ keys, and perhaps then having a′441·7	E.	교회·오르간	500
444.5	318	1858	Madrid	Madrid, Theatre Royal, fork sent to de la Fage by the Maître de Chapelle. French pitch was adopted on 18 March 1879	Lissajous	교회·오르간	500
444.6	318	1877	London	*London, St. Paul's, after rebuilding by Willis, from a fork belonging to Mr. Hipkins at 57°·5	E.	교회·오르간	500
444.7	318	1879	Durham Cathedral	*Durham Cathedral organ, rebuilt by Willis; for its original state, see a′474·1	E.	교회·오르간	500
444.8	319	1859	Turin	Turin opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
444.8	319	1859	Weimar	Weimar opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
444.8	319	1859	Würtemberg	Würtemberg concerts	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
444.9	319	1857	Naples	Naples, San Carlo opera, Guillaume's fork	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
444.9	319	1880	London	London, Her Majesty's opera, fork of the theatre	Hipkins	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
445.0	320	1862	Vienna	Vienna, piano of Kapellmeister Proch	Naeke	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
445.0	320	—	Hamburg	Hamburg 'old pitch,' date unknown	Schmahl	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
445.1	321	1834c	Vienna	Vienna opera, fork VI., 'a monstrous growth' (Auswuchs) in Scheibler's opinion	Scheibler	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
445.2	321	1878	London	*London (from c″529·4), Mr. H. Willis's church pitch, to which he tuned the organs of the cathedrals of St. Paul's (London), Durham, Salisbury, Glasgow (established), St. Mary's (Edinburgh)	E.	교회·오르간	500
445.4	322	1845	Vienna Conservatorium	Vienna Conservatorium, fork lent by Marloye	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	500
445.5	322	1879	London	London, Her Majesty's opera during performance	Hipkins & E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
445.6	322	1879	London	London, Covent Garden opera, fork in possession of Mr. Pitman, organist, and Sig. Vianesi, conductor. Mr. Pitman said the pitch was thus in 1878 because oboe, bassoon, and flute would not play lower	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
445.8	323	1867	London	London, Exeter Hall, both organs as originally built, from a pipe at the makers', Messrs. Walker; since sharpened to a′447·3	E.	교회·오르간	500
445.8	323	1856	Paris opera	Paris opera, from the fork of M. Bodin, professor of the piano and music	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	500
445.9	323	1849~1854	London	London, from Broadwoods' original medium pitch of c″530·6, fork of the tuner Finlayson; since 1854 Messrs. Broadwoods use a′446·2 as their medium pitch. This pitch was chosen empirically	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
446.0	323	1859	Pesth	Pesth, opera	Fr. Com	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
446.2	324	1856	Paris	Paris, opera and Conservatoire	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
446.2	324	1859	Holland, the Hague	Holland, the Hague at the Conservatoire	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
446.6	326	1845	Milan	Milan, fork lent by Marloye	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
446.8	327	1851	Lille	Lille, festival organ, fork of the tuner Mazingue	Delezenne	교회·오르간	501
446.8	327	1878	Vienna	Vienna opera, from a fork sent me by the organ-builder, Ullmann, who had charge of the organ there	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
447.0	327	1859	Marseilles	Marseilles Conservatoire	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
447.3	328	1879	London	London, Exeter Hall organ, from a pipe of the makers, Messrs. Walker, see 445·8	E.	교회·오르간	501
447.4	329	1856	Paris	Paris, Italian opera, Bodin's fork	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
447.5	329	1878	London	London, Covent Garden opera harmonium	Hipkins	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
447.7	330	1877	Gloucester	Gloucester Festival organ, built by Messrs. Walker; from the fork to which it was tuned at 64° F., the temperature of the pipe being reduced to 59°	E.	교회·오르간	501
448.0	331	1854	Paris	Paris, Grand Opera—also at Lyons and Liège	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.0	331	1839~1840	Hamburg	Hamburg, opera, under Krebs	Schmahl	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.1	331	1859	Munich	Munich, opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.2	332	1869	Leipzig	Leipzig, Gewandhaus Concerts, from fork sent officially to the Society of Arts	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.4	333	1857	Berlin	Berlin, opera, fork of the conductor Taubert	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.4	333	1860	London	London, from Cramer's, c″533·3, purporting to be the Society of Arts' pitch, intended for c″528	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
448.5	333	1880	Boston	Boston, Nichol's fork of Germania Orchestra, as corrected to 59°F.	Cross & Miller	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
448.8	334	1859	Leipzig	Leipzig Conservatoire	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
449.0	335	1855	Paris	Paris, opera, experiments by Lissajous and Ferrand, the first violin	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
449.2	336	1877	Covent Garden Opera	Covent Garden Opera, pitch of the harmonium	Hipkins	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
449.4	337	1860	London	London, from Griesbach's c″534·5, tuned for the Society of Arts as c″528; he tuned a′ as 445·7	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
449.7	338	1879	London	London, Covent Garden opera, taken from organ a′ during performance	Hipkins	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
449.8	338	1859	Prague	Prague, opera	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
449.9	339	1877	London	London, from copy of Collard's standard fork	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
450.3	340	1856	Milan	Milan, opera	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
450.5	340	1848 &1854	Lille	Lille, from forks tuned by the oboist Colin, during the performances of Robert le Diable, 27 April 1854, between the acts, and carefully verified	Delezenne	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
450.6	341	1877	Glasgow	Glasgow Public Halls organ, from fork settled by the organist W. T. Best and the late H. Smart, lent me by the builder Lewis	E.	교회·오르간	501
450.9	342	1880	U.S. America, Boston	U.S. America, Boston Music Hall, reduced from pipe c271·2 at 70° F.	Cross & Miller	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
451.5	345	1858	Russian opera	Russian opera, from a c″ fork, probably miscalculated, as the a′ from Broadwoods' c″ forks were	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
451.7	345	1874	Belgian army	Belgian army pitch, reduced from Koenig's 451 vib. by his old standard, and also measured from copy sent by Mahillon. On 19 March 1885 the Belgian Government adopted French pitch, A435	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
451.7	345	1867	Milan	Milan, Scala Theatre	Lissajous	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
451.7	345	1880	U.S. America, New York	U.S. America, New York, from Chickering's c268·5 standard fork	Cross & Miller	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
451.9	346	1878	British Army	British Army regulation, from fork lent by Dr. W. H. Stone	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	501
452.0	346	1885		The International Inventions and Music Exhibition of 1885 adopted this as the pitch of all instruments for the Exhibition, being the nearest whole number to the next preceding and next following. The fork was verified by myself	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	501
452.5	349	1852~1874	London	London, mean of the pitch of the Philharmonic Band under the direction of Sir Michael Costa 1846-54, tuned during that period by Mr. J. Black of Broadwoods', approved by Sir Michael Costa, and recorded by Mr. Hipkins, who lent me the fork. Used as Broadwoods' highest till 1874, No. 3 of French Commission	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
452.5	349	1880	Newcastle-on-Tyne	Newcastle-on-Tyne, Schulze's Tynedock organ, from a fork tuned by Mr. Ch. Chambers, Mus. B.	Chambers & E.	교회·오르간	502
452.9	350	1878	Kneller Hall Training School for Military Music	Kneller Hall Training School for Military Music, from a fork lent by Dr. W. H. Stone	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
453.0	350	1645	Holstein, Glückstadt	*Holstein, Glückstadt organ, built 1645, improved by Schnitger 1665, measured 1879	Schmahl	교회·오르간	502
453.9	354	1878	London	London, Willis's concert organ pitch, to which he tuned the large organs in the Albert Hall and Alexandra Palace, from pipe c″ 543·2 at 65° F., and 541·2 at 61·5° F.	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
454.0	354	1862	Vienna	Vienna, piano of Kapellmeister Esser, while the orchestra was at a′466, the regular fork at a′456·1, and the piano of the other Kapellmeister Proch at a′445	Naeke	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
454.1	355	1877	Crystal Palace	Crystal Palace, from a fork c″540 lent by Mr. Hipkins, to which the piano for concerts was tuned	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
454.2	355	1715c	London	London, very old fork found at Brixton 1878 of the same make as Rev. G. T. Driffield's tenor a, see a′419·9	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
454.7	357	1874	London	London, from c″540·8, a fork representing the highest pitch of the London Philharmonic observed by Mr. Hipkins since 1874; at the suggestion of Mr. Charles Hallé, used as Broadwoods' highest pitch	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
454.7	357	1879	London	London, Messrs. Steinway's London pitch	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
454.7	357	1878	London	London, Messrs. Bryceson's band pitch, to which they tuned their organ in St. Michael's, Cornhill, London	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
455.1	358	1877	London	London, Wagner Festival at Albert Hall, temperature probably 61·5° F., see above a′453·9	Hipkins & E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
455.2	359	1749	Hamburg	Hamburg, old positiv or chamber organ, built by Lehnert, in possession of Herr Schmahl	Schmahl & E.	교회·오르간	502
455.3	359	1879	London	London, Erard's concert pitch, from their fork	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
455.5	359	1859	Belgium	Belgium, band of Guides; probably no such fork existed. M. Bender used to give the pitch on a small clarinet, from which M. Mahillon has a fork of at least a′456	Fr. Com.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
455.9	362	1877	London	London, fork used by one of Chappell's tuners, lent me by Dr. Stone	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
456.1	362	1880	U.S. America, Cincinnati	U.S. America, Cincinnati, pitch used in Thomas's orchestra. [This is said by de la Fage to have been the pitch sent by Bettini in 1857 for the London Italian opera—evidently an error]	Cross & Miller	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
456.1	362	1859a	Vienna	Vienna, fork tuned for me by the pianoforte makers Streicher in Vienna from a fork in their possession, giving the celebrated 'sharp Vienna pitch' before the introduction of the French Diapason Normal. Naeke says he heard a′466 in the actual playing of the orchestra	E.	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
457.2	366	1879	U.S. America, New York	U.S. America, New York, from a fork obtained for me by Messrs. Steinway as representing their American pitch	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
458.0	369	1880	U.S. America, New York	U.S. America, New York, from a fork furnished by R. Spice as Steinway's pitch	Cross & Miller	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	502
460.8	380	1880	U.S. America	U.S. America, highest New York pitch, from a fork furnished by R. Spice; these two last are sharper than the next, but they are put first because they belong to modern orchestral or pianoforte pitch	Cross & Miller	오페라·관현악·극장·악대	502
457.6	368	1640c	Vienna	Vienna, Great Franciscan organ, stated by organ-builder Ullmann to be 240 years old in 1878, and to possess its original pitch; only used for leading the ecclesiastical chants	E.	교회·오르간	503
474.1	429	1668	England	England, in the Pars Organica of Tomkins's Musica Deo Sacra as quoted in Sir F. A. Gore Ouseley's Collection of the Compositions of Orlando Gibbons, 1873, makes the f pipe 2½ feet long	E.	교회·오르간	503
474.1	429	1683	Durham	Durham, Bernhardt Schmidt's original organ at Durham, which had both a♭ and g♯. The pipe I measured in Feb. 1879 as a′443·1 had been shifted, and was originally g′♯, which gives the above pitch. This results from an examination of the original pipes by Dr. Armes, the organist	Armes & E.	교회·오르간	503
474.1	429	1708	Chapel Royal, St. James's	Chapel Royal, St. James's, Bernhardt Schmidt's organ, now in Mercers' Hall, which I found on examination had had the pipes shifted a great Semitone. Handel played on this organ, and hence his note ordering the voice parts of an anthem written for the Chapel Royal to be transposed one Tone, and the organ part two Tones, referred to this organ	E.	교회·오르간	503
474.1	429	1748	Botolph Lane	The Jordans' organ, Botolph Lane, from indications by Mr. T. Hill	E.	교회·오르간	503
480.8	454	1879	Hamburg	Hamburg, St. Catherine Kirche, built by Hans Stellwagen in 1543, and frequently repaired. Herr Degenhardt, the organist, declares that even at the last repairing, 1867-9, the pitch was not altered. The original pitch, however, is doubtful, and Herr Schmahl thinks it was altered formerly	Degenhardt & E.	교회·오르간	503
484.1	465	1878	Lübeck Cathedral	Lübeck Cathedral, small organ, which according to the organist Jimmerthal has its g′ in unison with the pipe on Schulze's new great organ there, which gives French a′ in summer at 68° F.; whence the above was calculated at 59° F.	Jimmerthal	교회·오르간	503
489.2	484	1688	Hamburg	Hamburg, St. Jacobi Kirche, built by Schnitger of Harburg originally in equal temperament, played on and approved by J. Sebastian Bach; pitch determined from an old pipe preserved in the organ case. Herr Schmahl the organist is accustomed to transpose all music at sight one Tone lower, which brings it to French pitch	Schmahl & E.	교회·오르간	503
494.5	502	1879	Hamburg	Hamburg, St. Jacobi Kirche, present pitch, used since 1866 in order to agree with Scheibler's forks, taking his a′440 for g′	Schmahl & E.	교회·오르간	503
495.5	506	1700	Holstein, Rendsburg	Holstein, Rendsburg, a large organ recently broken up	Schmahl	교회·오르간	503
503.7	534	1636	Paris	Paris, Mersenne's ton de chapelle with G112·6 on the French four-foot pipe, this being the lowest note of his own voice	E.	교회·오르간	503
504.2	535	1511	Heidelberg	Heidelberg, from a model after Arnold Schlick, who recommends that his 6½-foot Rhenish pipe, having 301·6 vib., should give F or c. If it gives F we have a′377, if it gives c we have the present pitch	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	503
505.8	541	1361	Halberstadt	Halberstadt organ, built 1361, repaired 1495, described by Prætorius, who gives the dimensions of the largest pipe B,,,, whence constructing a model I arrived at the above pitch, confirmed by the four preceding pitches	E.	교회·오르간	503
563.1	726	1636	Paris	Paris, Mersenne's chamber pitch calculated from F being the pipe of 4 French feet giving 112·6 vib. See Harmonie Universelle, liv. 3, p. 143, but from faulty measurements Mersenne makes this pipe to have only 96 vib. But even with that assumption the pitch would be a′480·1, as at Hamburg, St. Catherine Kirche; but compare the next entry	E.	기타(소리굽쇠·악기 등)	504
567.3	740	1619	North German	North German church pitch, called by Prætorius chamber pitch, taken as a meantone Fourth (503 cents) above Prætorius's 'suitable pitch' a′424·2, which see	E.	교회·오르간	504

자료: Helmholtz, On the Sensations of Tone, tr. A. J. Ellis, 3rd ed. 1895 (Internet Archive); 대조 2nd ed. 1885. 옮겨 적으며 찾은 두 판의 차이 22건(대소문자·문장 부호 포함. 센트 1건 — 1885년판의 오식 300 → 330, 진동수 0건)은 전사 CSV 의 note 칸에 있다. Table II 는 Table I 을 용도별로 다시 엮은 색인이라 두 표를 합쳐 독립된 관측 수로 셀 수 없고, 진동수가 없는 서술 기록 6행이 들어 있다.

ellis/ellis_pitch_table1.csv ellis/ellis_pitch_table2.csv

자료와 이용 허락

1~6절: IMSLP 작품면(CC BY-SA 4.0)의 작곡 연도·장르 태그·편성·악장 칸을 엮은이가 파싱해 가공했다. 작품면 이름과 판 번호(revid)는 CSV 에 있다. 이 표들과 1~6절의 차트는 CC BY-SA 4.0 으로 공개한다(다른 표와 라이선스가 다르고, 사이트 글의 비영리 조건(CC BY-NC)은 이 차트에 적용하지 않는다). 수용은 뉴욕 필하모닉 공연 기록(CC0), 생몰년은 Wikidata(CC0). 7절: 퍼블릭 도메인 원본을 엮은이가 옮겨 적은 표, CC BY 4.0. 편성 상세는 IMSLP 기여자가 적은 것이라 빠진 악기가 있을 수 있다(특히 18세기 팀파니·트럼펫·통주저음).

imslp/imslp_works.csv imslp/imslp_composer_year.csv imslp/imslp_composer_age.csv imslp/imslp_reception_period.csv imslp/imslp_nyphil_match_rate.csv imslp/imslp_nyphil_matches.csv imslp/imslp_symphony_orchestration.csv imslp/imslp_movement_tempo.csv imslp/imslp_tempo_by_period.csv imslp/imslp_tempo_language.csv imslp/imslp_instrument_use.csv imslp/imslp_symphony_instruments.csv