Other pages in this series (6)

Hubble constant chronology, 1929–2022

The H0 values and errors of the two compilations in one picture, with the decade-by-decade mix of method codes alongside.

Takeaway

The decade medians of Huchra's list are 541.0 in the 1930s, 180.0 in the 1950s, 100.0 in the 1960s, 59.0 in the 1970s, 66.0 in the 1990s and 70.0 in the 2000s: values came down from about 500 in the 1930s to between 50 and 100 from the 1970s on.
From the 1990s the rows coded SNe Ia (S), lenses (L) and Sunyaev-Zeldovich (Z) grow, and CMB fits (C) join in the 2000s. The 2011–2019 rows of Table A2 lie both between and outside the two references, Planck 2018 and Riess et al. 2022.
Each event is listed with its source in the events table on this page.

Table A2 (rows)Huchra (decade aggregates)Planck 2018Riess et al. 2022

Blue dots: rows of Table A2 (bars: ± quoted error, the mean if asymmetric). Gray bands: quartile range and median of Huchra's list per decade (with counts). Dashed lines: the two references. Log vertical axis. The events along the top are documented on the chronology page.

The same elements from 1970 on a linear axis (40–110); triangles: outside the range.

Events

Year	Event	Basis
1929	Hubble 1929	The one 1929 row of Huchra's list (primary code A): Hubble 1929, PNAS 15, 168.
1960–1997	Sandage et al. vs. de Vaucouleurs et al.	The explanatory text of Huchra's list: "By 1960, the stage was set for the Sandage et al. versus deVaucouleurs et al. debate on the long versus short distance scale, H ~ 50 versus H ~ 100." The 21 rows with secondary code V (deVaucouleurs or van den Bergh) span 1960–1997, the 71 rows with code S (Sandage and/or Tammann) 1956–2010. The band spans the V rows.
1979–2010	HST Key Project (K)	The 62 rows with secondary code K (Key Project or a Key Project team member), 1979–2010. The list itself was assembled as part of the Key Project.
2001	Key Project final	Freedman et al. 2001, ApJ 553, 47–72 (arXiv astro-ph/0012376): "H0 = 72 ± 8" (abstract).
2013	Planck 2013	Planck 2013 results XVI, A&A 571, A16 (2014; arXiv 1303.5076): "H0 = 67.3 ± 1.2" (abstract).
2018	Planck 2018	Reference value 67.36 ± 0.54 (Planck 2018 results VI, Table 2). The 2018 row "67.4 ± 0.5" of Table A2 is its rounded value.
2022	SH0ES 2022	Reference value 73.04 ± 1.04 (Riess et al. 2022, abstract).

The changing mix of methods

Huchra’s list by decade and primary type code (file legend as printed). Shade: share of the decade’s rows; number: count. Codes with fewer than 10 rows are folded into “other codes”. Rows with an error from 1929 on.

Table A2 in full

Year	H0	Error (as printed)	Authors (Table A2)	z (Planck 2018)	z (Riess et al. 2022)	Note
1976	78	8	Jaakkola and Le Denmat	−1.3300	−0.6200
1976	50.3	4.3	Sandage and Tammann	3.9674	5.2884
1979	59	8	Visvanathan and Griersmith	1.0450	1.7550
1980	75	15	Stenning and Hartwick	−0.5093	−0.1307
1983	80	25	Rubin and Thonnard	−0.5056	−0.2784
1984	45	7	Jõeveer	3.1943	4.0057
1986	67	8	Gondhalekar et al.	0.0450	0.7550
1988	89	10	Melnick et al.	−2.1640	−1.5960
1990	90	10	Croft and Dailey	−2.2640	−1.6960
1990	75	25	Croft and Dailey	−0.3056	−0.0784
1990	52	2	Croft and Dailey	7.6800	10.5200
1991	90	17	Croft and Dailey	−1.3318	−0.9976
1991	87.5	12.5	Croft and Dailey	−1.6112	−1.1568
1991	40	12	Croft and Dailey	2.2800	2.7533
1992	86	12	Croft and Dailey	−1.5533	−1.0800
1992	60	10	Croft and Dailey	0.7360	1.3040
1993	51	12	Croft and Dailey	1.3633	1.8367
1993	47	5	Croft and Dailey	4.0720	5.2080
1993	45	12	Croft and Dailey	1.8633	2.3367
1994	85	5	Croft and Dailey	−3.5280	−2.3920
1994	52	9	Croft and Dailey	1.7067	2.3378
1995	93	1	Croft and Dailey	−25.6400	−19.9600
1995	90	17	Croft and Dailey	−1.3318	−0.9976
1995	78	11	Croft and Dailey	−0.9673	−0.4509
1995	75	12.5	Croft and Dailey	−0.6112	−0.1568
1995	71	27.5	Croft and Dailey	−0.1324	0.0742
1996	84	4	Croft and Dailey	−4.1600	−2.7400
1996	76	34	Croft and Dailey	−0.2541	−0.0871
1996	74	11	Croft and Dailey	−0.6036	−0.0873
1996	72	12	Croft and Dailey	−0.3867	0.0867
1996	67	4.5	Croft and Dailey	0.0800	1.3422
1996	64	6	Croft and Dailey	0.5600	1.5067
1996	62	9	Croft and Dailey	0.5956	1.2267
1996	57	4	Croft and Dailey	2.5900	4.0100
1996	56	4	Croft and Dailey	2.8400	4.2600
1996	56	9	Croft and Dailey	1.2622	1.8933
1997	78	50	Croft and Dailey	−0.2128	−0.0992
1997	69	5	Croft and Dailey	−0.3280	0.8080
1997	69	8	Croft and Dailey	−0.2050	0.5050
1997	66	10	Croft and Dailey	0.1360	0.7040
1997	64	13	Croft and Dailey	0.2585	0.6954
1997	62	7	Croft and Dailey	0.7657	1.5771
1997	58	7.5	Croft and Dailey	1.2480	2.0053
1997	54	14	Croft and Dailey	0.9543	1.3600
1997	51	13.5	Croft and Dailey	1.2119	1.6326
1998	65	1	Croft and Dailey	2.3600	8.0400
1998	62	6	Croft and Dailey	0.8933	1.8400
1998	55	8	Croft and Dailey	1.5450	2.2550
1998	53	9.5	Croft and Dailey	1.5116	2.1095
1998	51.5	12.5	Croft and Dailey	1.2688	1.7232
1998	47	19	Croft and Dailey	1.0716	1.3705
1998	47	14	Croft and Dailey	1.4543	1.8600
1998	44	4	Croft and Dailey	5.8400	7.2600
1999	87	11	Croft and Dailey	−1.7855	−1.2691
1999	76	14	Croft and Dailey	−0.6171	−0.2114
1999	74	8	Croft and Dailey	−0.8300	−0.1200
1999	72	9	Croft and Dailey	−0.5156	0.1156
1999	69	15	Croft and Dailey	−0.1093	0.2693
1999	64	3.75	Croft and Dailey	0.8960	2.4107
1999	62	5	Croft and Dailey	1.0720	2.2080
1999	61	7	Croft and Dailey	0.9086	1.7200
1999	60	2	Croft and Dailey	3.6800	6.5200
1999	59	17	Croft and Dailey	0.4918	0.8259
1999	55	3	Croft and Dailey	4.1200	6.0133
1999	54	5	Croft and Dailey	2.6720	3.8080
1999	53	33	Croft and Dailey	0.4352	0.6073
1999	42	9	Croft and Dailey	2.8178	3.4489
2000	77	8	Croft and Dailey	−1.2050	−0.4950
2000	77	4	Croft and Dailey	−2.4100	−0.9900
2000	71	6	Croft and Dailey	−0.6067	0.3400
2000	68	5.4	Croft and Dailey	−0.1185	0.9333
2000	65	1	Croft and Dailey	2.3600	8.0400
2000	63	10.5	Croft and Dailey	0.4152	0.9562
2000	63	12	Croft and Dailey	0.3633	0.8367
2000	59	33	Croft and Dailey	0.2533	0.4255
2000	58.5	6.3	Croft and Dailey	1.4063	2.3079
2000	52.2	11.65	Croft and Dailey	1.3013	1.7888
2000	52	5.5	Croft and Dailey	2.7927	3.8255
2001	75	15	Croft and Dailey	−0.5093	−0.1307
2001	74	5	Croft and Dailey	−1.3280	−0.1920
2001	66	12.5	Croft and Dailey	0.1088	0.5632
2001	65	6	Croft and Dailey	0.3933	1.3400
2002	84	19	Croft and Dailey	−0.8758	−0.5768
2002	78	7	Croft and Dailey	−1.5200	−0.7086
2002	71	4	Croft and Dailey	−0.9100	0.5100
2002	66.5	4.7	Croft and Dailey	0.1830	1.3915
2002	63	15	Croft and Dailey	0.2907	0.6693
2002	60	15.5	Croft and Dailey	0.4748	0.8413
2002	44	9	Croft and Dailey	2.5956	3.2267
2003	85	18.5	Croft and Dailey	−0.9535	−0.6465
2003	84	26	Croft and Dailey	−0.6400	−0.4215
2003	75	6.5	Croft and Dailey	−1.1754	−0.3015
2003	72	14	Croft and Dailey	−0.3314	0.0743
2003	72	8	Croft and Dailey	−0.5800	0.1300
2003	71	3.5	Croft and Dailey	−1.0400	0.5829
2003	70	3	Croft and Dailey	−0.8800	1.0133
2003	69	12	Croft and Dailey	−0.1367	0.3367
2003	69	4	Croft and Dailey	−0.4100	1.0100
2003	68.4	1.7	Croft and Dailey	−0.6118	2.7294
2003	66	5.5	Croft and Dailey	0.2473	1.2800
2003	65	31	Croft and Dailey	0.0761	0.2594
2003	59	11	Croft and Dailey	0.7600	1.2764
2004	78	3	Croft and Dailey	−3.5467	−1.6533
2004	73	4.025	Croft and Dailey	−1.4012	0.0099
2004	71	8	Croft and Dailey	−0.4550	0.2550
2004	71	7.1	Croft and Dailey	−0.5127	0.2873
2004	69	8	Croft and Dailey	−0.2050	0.5050
2004	67	24	Croft and Dailey	0.0150	0.2517
2004	56	23	Croft and Dailey	0.4939	0.7409
2005	73	6.4	Croft and Dailey	−0.8812	0.0063
2005	70	5	Croft and Dailey	−0.5280	0.6080
2005	66	12.5	Croft and Dailey	0.1088	0.5632
2006	76.9	3.65	Croft and Dailey	−2.6137	−1.0575
2006	74.92	2.28	Croft and Dailey	−3.3158	−0.8246
2006	74	2	Croft and Dailey	−3.3200	−0.4800
2006	74	6.3	Croft and Dailey	−1.0540	−0.1524
2006	62.3	5.2	Croft and Dailey	0.9731	2.0654
2007	76	8	Croft and Dailey	−1.0800	−0.3700
2007	74	3.75	Croft and Dailey	−1.7707	−0.2560
2007	68	10	Croft and Dailey	−0.0640	0.5040
2008	61.7	1.15	Croft and Dailey	4.9217	9.8609
2009	74.2	3.6	Croft and Dailey	−1.9000	−0.3222
2009	71	4	Croft and Dailey	−0.9100	0.5100
2009	70.5	1.3	Croft and Dailey	−2.4154	1.9538
2010	79.3	7.6	Croft and Dailey	−1.5711	−0.8237
2010	69	11	Croft and Dailey	−0.1491	0.3673
2010	68.2	2.2	Croft and Dailey	−0.3818	2.2000
2010	66	5	Croft and Dailey	0.2720	1.4080
2011	73.8	2.4	Riess et al.	−2.6833	−0.3167
2011	74.8	3.1	Riess et al.	−2.4000	−0.5677
2011	74.4	6.25	Riess et al.	−1.1264	−0.2176
2011	68	5.5	Chen and Ratra	−0.1164	0.9164
2012	74.3	2.9	Chávez et al.	−2.3931	−0.4345
2012	67	3.2	Beutler et al.	0.1125	1.8875
2012	74.3	2.1	Freedman et al.	−3.3048	−0.6000
2013	68	4.8	Braatz et al.	−0.1333	1.0500
2013	68.9	7.1	Reid et al.	−0.2169	0.5831
2013	76	1.9	Fiorentino et al.	−4.5474	−1.5579
2014	69.6	0.7	Bennett et al.	−3.2000	4.9143
2015	70.6	2.6	Rigault et al.	−1.2462	0.9385
2015	68.11	0.86	Cheng and Huang	−0.8721	5.7326
2016	73.24	1.74	Riess et al.	−3.3793	−0.1149
2017	68.3	+2.7 −2.6	Chen et al.	−0.3547	1.7887
2017	68.4	+2.9 −3.3	Chen et al.	−0.3355	1.4968
2017	65	+6.5 −6.6	Chen et al.	0.3603	1.2275
2017	67.9	2.4	Chen et al.	−0.2250	2.1417
2017	72.5	+2.5 −8	Bethapudi and Desai	−0.9790	0.1029
2017	69.3	4.2	Braatz et al.	−0.4619	0.8905
2018	66.98	1.18	Addison et al.	0.3220	5.1356
2018	64	+9 −11	Vega-Ferrero et al.	0.3360	0.9040
2018	73.48	1.66	Riess et al.	−3.6867	−0.2651
2018	67	4	Yu et al.	0.0900	1.5100
2018	72.72	1.67	Feeney et al.	−3.2096	0.1916
2018	73.15	1.78	Feeney et al.	−3.2528	−0.0618
2018	68.9	+4.7 −4.6	Hotokezaka et al.	−0.3312	0.8903
2018	73.3	1.7	Follin and Knox	−3.4941	−0.1529
2018	67.4	0.5	Chen et al.	—	11.2800	rounded Planck 2018 value, left out against Planck
2018	73.24	1.74	Chen et al.	−3.3793	−0.1149
2019	67	3	Kozmanyan et al.	0.1200	2.0133
2019	72.5	+2.1 −2.3	Birrer et al.	−2.3364	0.2455
2019	67.5	+1.4 −1.5	Domínguez et al.	−0.0966	3.8207
2019	74.03	1.42	Riess et al.	−4.6972	−0.6972
2019	67.8	1.3	Macaulay et al.	−0.3385	4.0308

Download CSV: h0_faerber2020.csv Download CSV: h0_h3_rows_faerber.csv Download CSV: h0_huchra_decades.csv Download CSV: h0_huchra_types.csv

Sources: J. Huchra, Estimates of the Hubble Constant (hubble.plot.dat, last updated 2010-10-07), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; assembled as part of the NASA/HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. Aggregates only. · Faerber, T.; López-Corredoira, M. A Chi-Squared Analysis of the Measurements of Two Cosmological Parameters over Time. Universe 2020, 6, 114, doi:10.3390/universe6080114, Appendix Table A2 (read from arXiv:2008.04035v1). CC BY 4.0.