이 계열의 다른 면 (6)
허블 상수 연대기 1929~2022
두 집성의 H0 값과 오차의 흐름을 한 그림에 모으고, 측정 방법 부호의 분포가 10년마다 어떻게 바뀌었는지를 함께 본다.
핵심
- Huchra 목록의 10년 단위 중앙값은 1930년대 541.0, 1950년대 180.0, 1960년대 100.0, 1970년대 59.0, 1990년대 66.0, 2000년대 70.0이다. 값은 1930년대의 500 안팎에서 1970년대 이후 50~100 사이로 내려왔다.
- 1990년대 이후 Ia형 초신성(S)·렌즈(L)·Sunyaev-Zeldovich(Z) 부호의 행이 늘고, 2000년대에는 우주배경복사 맞춤(C)이 더해진다. 표 A2의 2011~2019년 행은 Planck 2018과 Riess 외 2022의 두 기준값 사이와 그 바깥에 함께 놓인다.
- 사건은 연대기 면의 「사건」 표에 근거와 함께 적었다.
표 A2 (행)Huchra 목록 (10년 단위 집계)Planck 2018Riess 외 2022
사건
| 연도 | 사건 | 근거 |
|---|---|---|
| 1929 | Hubble 1929 | Huchra 목록 1929년의 유일한 행(1차 부호 A): Hubble 1929, PNAS 15, 168. |
| 1960~1997 | Sandage 외 대 de Vaucouleurs 외 | Huchra 목록의 설명문: 「1960년에는 Sandage 외 대 de Vaucouleurs 외의 긴 거리 척도 대 짧은 거리 척도 논쟁의 무대가 마련되어 있었다(H ~ 50 대 H ~ 100)」. 2차 부호 V(deVaucouleurs 또는 van den Bergh) 행 21건은 1960~1997년, S(Sandage 또는 Tammann) 행 71건은 1956~2010년에 있다. 띠는 V 부호 행의 기간이다. |
| 1979~2010 | HST Key Project (K) | 2차 부호 K(Key Project 또는 그 팀원) 행 62건, 1979~2010년. 목록 자체가 Key Project의 일부로 작성되었다. |
| 2001 | Key Project 최종 | Freedman 외 2001, ApJ 553, 47–72 (arXiv astro-ph/0012376): 「H0 = 72 ± 8」(초록). |
| 2013 | Planck 2013 | Planck 2013 결과 XVI, A&A 571, A16 (2014; arXiv 1303.5076): 「H0 = 67.3 ± 1.2」(초록). |
| 2018 | Planck 2018 | 기준값 67.36 ± 0.54 (Planck 2018 결과 VI, 표 2). 표 A2의 2018년 행 「67.4 ± 0.5」는 그 반올림 값이다. |
| 2022 | SH0ES 2022 | 기준값 73.04 ± 1.04 (Riess 외 2022, 초록). |
측정 방법의 변화
표 A2 전체
| 연도 | H0 | 오차(원 표기) | 저자(표 A2) | z (Planck 2018) | z (Riess 외 2022) | 비고 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | 78 | 8 | Jaakkola and Le Denmat | −1.3300 | −0.6200 | |
| 1976 | 50.3 | 4.3 | Sandage and Tammann | 3.9674 | 5.2884 | |
| 1979 | 59 | 8 | Visvanathan and Griersmith | 1.0450 | 1.7550 | |
| 1980 | 75 | 15 | Stenning and Hartwick | −0.5093 | −0.1307 | |
| 1983 | 80 | 25 | Rubin and Thonnard | −0.5056 | −0.2784 | |
| 1984 | 45 | 7 | Jõeveer | 3.1943 | 4.0057 | |
| 1986 | 67 | 8 | Gondhalekar et al. | 0.0450 | 0.7550 | |
| 1988 | 89 | 10 | Melnick et al. | −2.1640 | −1.5960 | |
| 1990 | 90 | 10 | Croft and Dailey | −2.2640 | −1.6960 | |
| 1990 | 75 | 25 | Croft and Dailey | −0.3056 | −0.0784 | |
| 1990 | 52 | 2 | Croft and Dailey | 7.6800 | 10.5200 | |
| 1991 | 90 | 17 | Croft and Dailey | −1.3318 | −0.9976 | |
| 1991 | 87.5 | 12.5 | Croft and Dailey | −1.6112 | −1.1568 | |
| 1991 | 40 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | 2.2800 | 2.7533 | |
| 1992 | 86 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | −1.5533 | −1.0800 | |
| 1992 | 60 | 10 | Croft and Dailey | 0.7360 | 1.3040 | |
| 1993 | 51 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | 1.3633 | 1.8367 | |
| 1993 | 47 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | 4.0720 | 5.2080 | |
| 1993 | 45 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | 1.8633 | 2.3367 | |
| 1994 | 85 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | −3.5280 | −2.3920 | |
| 1994 | 52 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | 1.7067 | 2.3378 | |
| 1995 | 93 | 1 | Croft and Dailey | −25.6400 | −19.9600 | |
| 1995 | 90 | 17 | Croft and Dailey | −1.3318 | −0.9976 | |
| 1995 | 78 | 11 | Croft and Dailey | −0.9673 | −0.4509 | |
| 1995 | 75 | 12.5 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6112 | −0.1568 | |
| 1995 | 71 | 27.5 | Croft and Dailey | −0.1324 | 0.0742 | |
| 1996 | 84 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | −4.1600 | −2.7400 | |
| 1996 | 76 | 34 | Croft and Dailey | −0.2541 | −0.0871 | |
| 1996 | 74 | 11 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6036 | −0.0873 | |
| 1996 | 72 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | −0.3867 | 0.0867 | |
| 1996 | 67 | 4.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.0800 | 1.3422 | |
| 1996 | 64 | 6 | Croft and Dailey | 0.5600 | 1.5067 | |
| 1996 | 62 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | 0.5956 | 1.2267 | |
| 1996 | 57 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | 2.5900 | 4.0100 | |
| 1996 | 56 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | 2.8400 | 4.2600 | |
| 1996 | 56 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | 1.2622 | 1.8933 | |
| 1997 | 78 | 50 | Croft and Dailey | −0.2128 | −0.0992 | |
| 1997 | 69 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | −0.3280 | 0.8080 | |
| 1997 | 69 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −0.2050 | 0.5050 | |
| 1997 | 66 | 10 | Croft and Dailey | 0.1360 | 0.7040 | |
| 1997 | 64 | 13 | Croft and Dailey | 0.2585 | 0.6954 | |
| 1997 | 62 | 7 | Croft and Dailey | 0.7657 | 1.5771 | |
| 1997 | 58 | 7.5 | Croft and Dailey | 1.2480 | 2.0053 | |
| 1997 | 54 | 14 | Croft and Dailey | 0.9543 | 1.3600 | |
| 1997 | 51 | 13.5 | Croft and Dailey | 1.2119 | 1.6326 | |
| 1998 | 65 | 1 | Croft and Dailey | 2.3600 | 8.0400 | |
| 1998 | 62 | 6 | Croft and Dailey | 0.8933 | 1.8400 | |
| 1998 | 55 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | 1.5450 | 2.2550 | |
| 1998 | 53 | 9.5 | Croft and Dailey | 1.5116 | 2.1095 | |
| 1998 | 51.5 | 12.5 | Croft and Dailey | 1.2688 | 1.7232 | |
| 1998 | 47 | 19 | Croft and Dailey | 1.0716 | 1.3705 | |
| 1998 | 47 | 14 | Croft and Dailey | 1.4543 | 1.8600 | |
| 1998 | 44 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | 5.8400 | 7.2600 | |
| 1999 | 87 | 11 | Croft and Dailey | −1.7855 | −1.2691 | |
| 1999 | 76 | 14 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6171 | −0.2114 | |
| 1999 | 74 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −0.8300 | −0.1200 | |
| 1999 | 72 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | −0.5156 | 0.1156 | |
| 1999 | 69 | 15 | Croft and Dailey | −0.1093 | 0.2693 | |
| 1999 | 64 | 3.75 | Croft and Dailey | 0.8960 | 2.4107 | |
| 1999 | 62 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | 1.0720 | 2.2080 | |
| 1999 | 61 | 7 | Croft and Dailey | 0.9086 | 1.7200 | |
| 1999 | 60 | 2 | Croft and Dailey | 3.6800 | 6.5200 | |
| 1999 | 59 | 17 | Croft and Dailey | 0.4918 | 0.8259 | |
| 1999 | 55 | 3 | Croft and Dailey | 4.1200 | 6.0133 | |
| 1999 | 54 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | 2.6720 | 3.8080 | |
| 1999 | 53 | 33 | Croft and Dailey | 0.4352 | 0.6073 | |
| 1999 | 42 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | 2.8178 | 3.4489 | |
| 2000 | 77 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −1.2050 | −0.4950 | |
| 2000 | 77 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | −2.4100 | −0.9900 | |
| 2000 | 71 | 6 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6067 | 0.3400 | |
| 2000 | 68 | 5.4 | Croft and Dailey | −0.1185 | 0.9333 | |
| 2000 | 65 | 1 | Croft and Dailey | 2.3600 | 8.0400 | |
| 2000 | 63 | 10.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.4152 | 0.9562 | |
| 2000 | 63 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | 0.3633 | 0.8367 | |
| 2000 | 59 | 33 | Croft and Dailey | 0.2533 | 0.4255 | |
| 2000 | 58.5 | 6.3 | Croft and Dailey | 1.4063 | 2.3079 | |
| 2000 | 52.2 | 11.65 | Croft and Dailey | 1.3013 | 1.7888 | |
| 2000 | 52 | 5.5 | Croft and Dailey | 2.7927 | 3.8255 | |
| 2001 | 75 | 15 | Croft and Dailey | −0.5093 | −0.1307 | |
| 2001 | 74 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | −1.3280 | −0.1920 | |
| 2001 | 66 | 12.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.1088 | 0.5632 | |
| 2001 | 65 | 6 | Croft and Dailey | 0.3933 | 1.3400 | |
| 2002 | 84 | 19 | Croft and Dailey | −0.8758 | −0.5768 | |
| 2002 | 78 | 7 | Croft and Dailey | −1.5200 | −0.7086 | |
| 2002 | 71 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | −0.9100 | 0.5100 | |
| 2002 | 66.5 | 4.7 | Croft and Dailey | 0.1830 | 1.3915 | |
| 2002 | 63 | 15 | Croft and Dailey | 0.2907 | 0.6693 | |
| 2002 | 60 | 15.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.4748 | 0.8413 | |
| 2002 | 44 | 9 | Croft and Dailey | 2.5956 | 3.2267 | |
| 2003 | 85 | 18.5 | Croft and Dailey | −0.9535 | −0.6465 | |
| 2003 | 84 | 26 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6400 | −0.4215 | |
| 2003 | 75 | 6.5 | Croft and Dailey | −1.1754 | −0.3015 | |
| 2003 | 72 | 14 | Croft and Dailey | −0.3314 | 0.0743 | |
| 2003 | 72 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −0.5800 | 0.1300 | |
| 2003 | 71 | 3.5 | Croft and Dailey | −1.0400 | 0.5829 | |
| 2003 | 70 | 3 | Croft and Dailey | −0.8800 | 1.0133 | |
| 2003 | 69 | 12 | Croft and Dailey | −0.1367 | 0.3367 | |
| 2003 | 69 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | −0.4100 | 1.0100 | |
| 2003 | 68.4 | 1.7 | Croft and Dailey | −0.6118 | 2.7294 | |
| 2003 | 66 | 5.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.2473 | 1.2800 | |
| 2003 | 65 | 31 | Croft and Dailey | 0.0761 | 0.2594 | |
| 2003 | 59 | 11 | Croft and Dailey | 0.7600 | 1.2764 | |
| 2004 | 78 | 3 | Croft and Dailey | −3.5467 | −1.6533 | |
| 2004 | 73 | 4.025 | Croft and Dailey | −1.4012 | 0.0099 | |
| 2004 | 71 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −0.4550 | 0.2550 | |
| 2004 | 71 | 7.1 | Croft and Dailey | −0.5127 | 0.2873 | |
| 2004 | 69 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −0.2050 | 0.5050 | |
| 2004 | 67 | 24 | Croft and Dailey | 0.0150 | 0.2517 | |
| 2004 | 56 | 23 | Croft and Dailey | 0.4939 | 0.7409 | |
| 2005 | 73 | 6.4 | Croft and Dailey | −0.8812 | 0.0063 | |
| 2005 | 70 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | −0.5280 | 0.6080 | |
| 2005 | 66 | 12.5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.1088 | 0.5632 | |
| 2006 | 76.9 | 3.65 | Croft and Dailey | −2.6137 | −1.0575 | |
| 2006 | 74.92 | 2.28 | Croft and Dailey | −3.3158 | −0.8246 | |
| 2006 | 74 | 2 | Croft and Dailey | −3.3200 | −0.4800 | |
| 2006 | 74 | 6.3 | Croft and Dailey | −1.0540 | −0.1524 | |
| 2006 | 62.3 | 5.2 | Croft and Dailey | 0.9731 | 2.0654 | |
| 2007 | 76 | 8 | Croft and Dailey | −1.0800 | −0.3700 | |
| 2007 | 74 | 3.75 | Croft and Dailey | −1.7707 | −0.2560 | |
| 2007 | 68 | 10 | Croft and Dailey | −0.0640 | 0.5040 | |
| 2008 | 61.7 | 1.15 | Croft and Dailey | 4.9217 | 9.8609 | |
| 2009 | 74.2 | 3.6 | Croft and Dailey | −1.9000 | −0.3222 | |
| 2009 | 71 | 4 | Croft and Dailey | −0.9100 | 0.5100 | |
| 2009 | 70.5 | 1.3 | Croft and Dailey | −2.4154 | 1.9538 | |
| 2010 | 79.3 | 7.6 | Croft and Dailey | −1.5711 | −0.8237 | |
| 2010 | 69 | 11 | Croft and Dailey | −0.1491 | 0.3673 | |
| 2010 | 68.2 | 2.2 | Croft and Dailey | −0.3818 | 2.2000 | |
| 2010 | 66 | 5 | Croft and Dailey | 0.2720 | 1.4080 | |
| 2011 | 73.8 | 2.4 | Riess et al. | −2.6833 | −0.3167 | |
| 2011 | 74.8 | 3.1 | Riess et al. | −2.4000 | −0.5677 | |
| 2011 | 74.4 | 6.25 | Riess et al. | −1.1264 | −0.2176 | |
| 2011 | 68 | 5.5 | Chen and Ratra | −0.1164 | 0.9164 | |
| 2012 | 74.3 | 2.9 | Chávez et al. | −2.3931 | −0.4345 | |
| 2012 | 67 | 3.2 | Beutler et al. | 0.1125 | 1.8875 | |
| 2012 | 74.3 | 2.1 | Freedman et al. | −3.3048 | −0.6000 | |
| 2013 | 68 | 4.8 | Braatz et al. | −0.1333 | 1.0500 | |
| 2013 | 68.9 | 7.1 | Reid et al. | −0.2169 | 0.5831 | |
| 2013 | 76 | 1.9 | Fiorentino et al. | −4.5474 | −1.5579 | |
| 2014 | 69.6 | 0.7 | Bennett et al. | −3.2000 | 4.9143 | |
| 2015 | 70.6 | 2.6 | Rigault et al. | −1.2462 | 0.9385 | |
| 2015 | 68.11 | 0.86 | Cheng and Huang | −0.8721 | 5.7326 | |
| 2016 | 73.24 | 1.74 | Riess et al. | −3.3793 | −0.1149 | |
| 2017 | 68.3 | +2.7 −2.6 | Chen et al. | −0.3547 | 1.7887 | |
| 2017 | 68.4 | +2.9 −3.3 | Chen et al. | −0.3355 | 1.4968 | |
| 2017 | 65 | +6.5 −6.6 | Chen et al. | 0.3603 | 1.2275 | |
| 2017 | 67.9 | 2.4 | Chen et al. | −0.2250 | 2.1417 | |
| 2017 | 72.5 | +2.5 −8 | Bethapudi and Desai | −0.9790 | 0.1029 | |
| 2017 | 69.3 | 4.2 | Braatz et al. | −0.4619 | 0.8905 | |
| 2018 | 66.98 | 1.18 | Addison et al. | 0.3220 | 5.1356 | |
| 2018 | 64 | +9 −11 | Vega-Ferrero et al. | 0.3360 | 0.9040 | |
| 2018 | 73.48 | 1.66 | Riess et al. | −3.6867 | −0.2651 | |
| 2018 | 67 | 4 | Yu et al. | 0.0900 | 1.5100 | |
| 2018 | 72.72 | 1.67 | Feeney et al. | −3.2096 | 0.1916 | |
| 2018 | 73.15 | 1.78 | Feeney et al. | −3.2528 | −0.0618 | |
| 2018 | 68.9 | +4.7 −4.6 | Hotokezaka et al. | −0.3312 | 0.8903 | |
| 2018 | 73.3 | 1.7 | Follin and Knox | −3.4941 | −0.1529 | |
| 2018 | 67.4 | 0.5 | Chen et al. | — | 11.2800 | Planck 2018의 반올림 값 — Planck 기준에서 뺌 |
| 2018 | 73.24 | 1.74 | Chen et al. | −3.3793 | −0.1149 | |
| 2019 | 67 | 3 | Kozmanyan et al. | 0.1200 | 2.0133 | |
| 2019 | 72.5 | +2.1 −2.3 | Birrer et al. | −2.3364 | 0.2455 | |
| 2019 | 67.5 | +1.4 −1.5 | Domínguez et al. | −0.0966 | 3.8207 | |
| 2019 | 74.03 | 1.42 | Riess et al. | −4.6972 | −0.6972 | |
| 2019 | 67.8 | 1.3 | Macaulay et al. | −0.3385 | 4.0308 |
CSV 내려받기: h0_faerber2020.csv CSV 내려받기: h0_h3_rows_faerber.csv CSV 내려받기: h0_huchra_decades.csv CSV 내려받기: h0_huchra_types.csv
자료 출처: J. Huchra, Estimates of the Hubble Constant (hubble.plot.dat, last updated 2010-10-07), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; assembled as part of the NASA/HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale. Aggregates only. · Faerber, T.; López-Corredoira, M. A Chi-Squared Analysis of the Measurements of Two Cosmological Parameters over Time. Universe 2020, 6, 114, doi:10.3390/universe6080114, Appendix Table A2 (read from arXiv:2008.04035v1). CC BY 4.0.