Classical Music Metrics
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Performance metricsUnit: CV

Within-performance tempo variation

Dispersion of beat intervals within one performance (coefficient of variation), including sectional contrasts such as slow introduction vs fast main section, not only rubato.

Formula
per performance sd(IBI)/mean(IBI) (population SD); piece value is the median across performances
How to read it
0.3 means the SD of beat intervals is 30% of their mean. Movements with tempo changes (Sonata 17/i, Largo–Allegro, 1.10) exceed 1.
Caveats
Cannot separate sectional tempo changes from rubato; the beat-to-beat metric does that.
0.000.501.001.502.002.50CVBach0.170.080.090.210.170.090.150.130.090.130.230.090.110.130.100.130.120.210.160.070.080.190.120.100.490.120.200.090.160.170.160.140.130.090.120.070.100.140.120.140.090.370.170.130.200.100.090.070.260.070.180.100.080.160.210.070.110.050.31median 0.13Beethoven0.250.210.120.120.180.331.880.570.330.230.170.431.100.180.120.290.160.120.230.110.300.110.291.000.100.390.581.200.120.610.380.230.250.120.570.222.790.960.141.170.240.521.260.640.110.200.290.140.180.541.070.120.120.150.280.35median 0.25
One dot per piece (a single-performance piece shows that performance's value). Mozart (6 pieces, 16 performances) is too small a sample for the chart and appears only in the table below.
ComposerPiecePerf.Tempo (median)Within-performance tempo variation
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_29-411062.79
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_13-41981.88
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_31-3_410521.26
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_26-1111801.20
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_30-18561.17
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_17-1141471.10
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_8-121021.07
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_22-13831.00
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_3-181380.96
MozartFantasie_4751570.74
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_32-19970.64
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_26-341100.61
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_24-191160.58
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_14-311450.57
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_29-211960.57
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_7-421180.54
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_31-272320.52
BachFugue_bwv_88811020.49
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_16-21350.43
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_23-1171120.39
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_27-171390.38
BachPrelude_bwv_8661730.37
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_9-31810.35
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_15-131840.33
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_12-13910.33
BachPrelude_bwv_8933590.31
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_21-1251460.30
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_7-191380.29
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_21-331130.29
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_18-191270.29
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_9-211150.28
BachPrelude_bwv_8762970.26
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_28-15530.25
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_1-111120.25
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_31-121560.24
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_27-21800.23
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_18-421780.23
BachFugue_bwv_8653860.23
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_15-41790.23
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_29-31240.22
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_10-11860.21
BachFugue_bwv_8752530.21
BachFugue_bwv_85611970.21
BachPrelude_bwv_8881790.21
BachFugue_bwv_8911850.20
BachPrelude_bwv_8703540.20
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_5-132000.20
BachFugue_bwv_88412050.19
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_11-311270.18
BachPrelude_bwv_8833450.18
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_17-21410.18
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_7-322190.18
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_16-171370.17
BachItalian_concerto3300.17
BachPrelude_bwv_8672340.17
BachFugue_bwv_8576650.17
BachFugue_bwv_8461450.17
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_18-24940.16
BachPrelude_bwv_8461610.16
BachFugue_bwv_89332050.16
BachPrelude_bwv_88711090.16
BachFugue_bwv_8762860.16
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_9-111470.15
BachFugue_bwv_8606630.15
BachPrelude_bwv_86211080.14
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_3-21230.14
BachPrelude_bwv_8641910.14
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_7-22180.14
BachPrelude_bwv_84892670.14
BachPrelude_bwv_8545670.13
BachFugue_bwv_8681660.13
BachPrelude_bwv_8681720.13
BachFugue_bwv_87321460.13
BachFugue_bwv_8621550.13
BachFugue_bwv_8641670.13
BachPrelude_bwv_8633340.12
BachFugue_bwv_8856990.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_17-312770.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_26-25230.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_18-31810.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_28-211390.12
BachPrelude_bwv_8576460.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_11-171480.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_8-31970.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_8-21300.12
BachFugue_bwv_8743360.12
BachFugue_bwv_8896720.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_11-21300.12
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_21-23160.11
BachPrelude_bwv_8912680.11
BachFugue_bwv_8672620.11
MozartPiano_Sonatas_12-33980.11
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_4-191290.11
MozartPiano_Sonatas_12-141500.11
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_2-131240.11
BachFugue_bwv_87031170.10
BeethovenPiano_Sonatas_22-211180.10
BachPrelude_bwv_8732450.10
BachPrelude_bwv_86061860.10
MozartPiano_Sonatas_12-22360.10
BachFugue_bwv_8871490.10
BachPrelude_bwv_88411260.10
BachFugue_bwv_8633570.09
BachPrelude_bwv_8742850.09
BachFugue_bwv_8661910.09
MozartPiano_Sonatas_8-151330.09
MozartPiano_Sonatas_11-311430.09
BachPrelude_bwv_8653880.09
BachPrelude_bwv_8561780.09
BachFugue_bwv_8582620.09
BachFugue_bwv_8922530.09
BachFugue_bwv_85451100.09
BachFugue_bwv_8836820.08
BachFugue_bwv_84891040.08
BachPrelude_bwv_8856320.08
BachPrelude_bwv_8582880.07
BachPrelude_bwv_87531260.07
BachPrelude_bwv_8896560.07
BachPrelude_bwv_8803630.07
BachFugue_bwv_88031190.07
BachPrelude_bwv_89221030.05

Source

ASAP dataset (Foscarin et al., ISMIR 2020). Piano MIDI performances aligned beat-by-beat to scores: 169 Bach (Well-Tempered Clavier) and 271 Beethoven (sonatas); 169 and 259 of these have beat counts matching the score and only those are used. Version 1.1 adds Mozart: 6 movements (K.310/i, K.331/iii, K.332 complete, Fantasia K.475), 16 performances — one to five per piece, so they appear in tables but not in comparison charts. Performances come from MAESTRO (International Piano-e-Competition). https://github.com/fosfrancesco/asap-dataset · License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

asap_performance_metrics.csvasap_piece_summary.csvasap_pedal.csvasap_pedal_summary.csvasap_pedal_recordings.csv