Cadence density

Annotated cadences per 100 bars.

Formula: 100 × cadence labels / bars. Every cadence label counts, including those on rows without a chord symbol. Bars = the movement's last bar number.
How to read it: How often phrases close. Bach suites 20.8, Mozart sonatas 16.5, Bach solo works (BWV 1009–1013) 15.8, Beethoven sonatas 12.1.
Caveats: Only where cadences are annotated: the Beethoven quartets have none, and among Bach's solo works only BWV 1009–1013 are annotated (the violin works and Cello Suites 1–2 are left blank). Treat differences between collections with different bar lengths with caution.

Distribution by collection

BachBeethovenMozart

One dot per movement. Vertical bar = collection median. Bach's chorales are not shown: no harmony annotation. Beethoven's string quartets are not shown: no cadence annotation.

Collection	n	Median	Q1	Q3	Min	Max
Bach · English and French Suites	89	20.8	13.8	25.0	4.2	33.3
Bach · Solo violin, cello and flute	32	15.8	8.2	20.8	2.3	40.0
Beethoven · Piano sonatas	64	12.1	9.8	15.9	4.5	27.9
Mozart · Piano sonatas	54	16.5	11.7	20.0	6.5	38.2

Ranking

Composer	Work	Movement	Year	Bars	Cadence density
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Allemande	1717	20	40.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 17 in B flat major	Adagio	1789	55	38.2
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Gavotte II	1717	24	37.5
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Allemande		24	33.3
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Allemande		24	33.3
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Allemande	1722	24	33.3
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Allemande		32	31.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 11 in A major	Andante grazioso	1783	134	30.6
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 4 in E flat major	Adagio	1775	36	30.6
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Courante I		20	30.0
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Double II		24	29.2
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Sarabande		24	29.2
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Double		24	29.2
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Gavotte II		24	29.2
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Courante		28	28.6
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Gavotte I		32	28.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 1	Adagio	1793	61	27.9
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Gavotte	1722	22	27.3
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 1 in C major	Andante	1775	74	27.0
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Courante II		24	25.0
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Double I		24	25.0
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Allemande		24	25.0
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Sarabande		24	25.0
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Menuett II		32	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Menuett I	1722	24	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Air	1722	16	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Allemande	1722	24	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Courante	1722	28	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Menuett	1722	16	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Gavotte	1722	24	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Loure	1722	16	25.0
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Gavotte	1722	20	25.0
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Bourrée II	1717	12	25.0
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Courante	1717	24	25.0
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Gavotte I	1717	28	25.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 12 in F major	Adagio	1783	40	25.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 9 in D major	Andante cantabile con espressione	1778	93	24.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 3	Adagio	1794	82	24.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 13 in B flat major	Andante cantabile	1783	82	24.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 2 in F major	Adagio	1775	60	23.3
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Prelude		108	23.1
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 5 in G major	Andante	1775	39	23.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 24	Adagio cantabile - Allegro ma non broppo	1809	105	22.9
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Air	1722	22	22.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 30	Gesangvoll, mit innigster Empfindung: Andante molto cantabile ed espressivo	1820	203	22.7
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Sarabande	1722	40	22.5
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Courante		32	21.9
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Menuett I		32	21.9
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Courante	1722	32	21.9
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Courante	1722	32	21.9
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Sarabande	1717	32	21.9
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Sarabande		28	21.4
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Agréments de la Sarabande		28	21.4
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Gigue	1722	28	21.4
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Allemande	1722	28	21.4
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Bourrée I	1717	28	21.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 11 in A major	Alla Turca	1783	127	21.3
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Bourrée II		24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Sarabande		24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Agréments de la Sarabande		24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Allemande		24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Passepied II		24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Sarabande		24	20.8
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Courante	1722	24	20.8
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Sarabande	1722	24	20.8
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Allemande	1722	24	20.8
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Sarabande	1722	24	20.8
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Polonaise	1722	24	20.8
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Allemande	1717	24	20.8
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Bourrée II	1717	24	20.8
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Gavotte I		34	20.6
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 10 in C major	Allegretto	1783	171	20.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 6 in D major	Andante	1775	260	20.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 7 in C major	Andante un poco adagio	1777	79	20.3
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Gigue		40	20.0
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Bourrée	1722	30	20.0
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Sarabande	1717	20	20.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 2	Largo appassionato	1794	80	20.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 10	Andante	1799	90	20.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 19	Andante	1797	110	20.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 1 in C major	Allegro	1775	100	20.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 11 in A major	Menuetto and Trio	1783	100	20.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 8 in A minor	Andante con espressione	1777	86	19.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 20	Allegro ma non troppo	1795	122	19.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 7	Rondo	1797	113	19.5
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Gavotte I	1717	36	19.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 18 in D major	Adagio	1789	67	19.4
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 10 in C major	Allegro moderato	1783	150	19.3
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 14 in C minor	Adagio	1784	57	19.3
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Gigue		52	19.2
Beethoven	Sonata no. 32	Arietta: Adagio molto semplice e cantabile	1821	177	19.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 16 in C major	Rondo – Allegretto	1788	73	19.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 3 in B flat major	Rondeau – Allegro	1775	162	19.1
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Gigue	1717	42	19.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'	Abwesenheit: Andante espressivo	1809	42	19.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 5	Finale: Prestissimo	1795	122	18.9
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Sarabande		32	18.8
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Gavotte II		16	18.8
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Courante		32	18.8
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Sarabande	1717	32	18.8
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 9 in D major	Allegro maestoso	1778	112	18.8
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Gavotte II	1717	22	18.2
Beethoven	Sonata no. 18	Menuetto: Moderato e grazioso	1802	61	18.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 3 in B flat major	Andante amoroso	1775	106	17.9
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 10 in C major	Andante cantabile	1783	64	17.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 13 in B flat major	Allegro	1783	165	17.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 17 in B flat major	Allegretto	1789	89	16.9
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Bourrée II		36	16.7
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Courante		24	16.7
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Trio	1722	24	16.7
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Sarabande	1717	24	16.7
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Bourrée I	1717	48	16.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 13 in B flat major	Allegretto grazioso	1783	224	16.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 3 in B flat major	Allegro	1775	109	16.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')	Andante con moto	1804	97	16.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 16	Rondo: Allegretto - presto	1802	275	16.4
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Prelude		37	16.2
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Bourrée I		56	16.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 2	Rondo: Grazioso	1794	187	16.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 20	Tempo di Menuetto	1795	120	15.8
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 1 in C major	Allegro	1775	158	15.8
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Menuett	1722	32	15.6
Beethoven	Sonata no. 9	Allegro	1798	161	15.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 12 in F major	Allegro	1783	229	15.3
Beethoven	Sonata no. 31	Allegro molto	1821	158	15.2
Beethoven	Sonata no. 3	Allegro con brio	1794	257	15.2
Bach	English Suite No. 4	Courante		20	15.0
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Menuett II	1722	40	15.0
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Allemande	1722	20	15.0
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Allemande	1717	40	15.0
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Gigue		74	14.9
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 16 in C major	Andante	1788	74	14.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 2	Scherzo: Allegretto	1794	68	14.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 4 in E flat major	Allegro	1775	102	14.7
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Bourrée	1722	42	14.3
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 5 in G major	Allegro	1775	120	14.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 6 in D major	Rondo en Polonaise - Andante	1775	92	14.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')	Allegro assai	1804	262	14.1
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 15 in F major	Rondo – Allegretto	1788	187	13.9
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Courante	1722	36	13.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 7	Largo e mesto	1797	87	13.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 1	Prestissimo	1793	196	13.8
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Passepied I		80	13.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 8 'Pathetique'	Adagio cantabile	1797	73	13.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 7 in C major	Allegro con spirito	1777	155	13.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 8 in A minor	Allegro con spirito	1777	133	13.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 8 in A minor	Rondeau – Allegro	1777	252	13.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 16	Adagio grazioso	1802	119	13.4
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Gigue	1717	68	13.2
Beethoven	Sonata no. 1	Allegro	1793	152	13.2
Bach	Partita in A minor	Sarabande	1722	46	13.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 19	Rondo: Allegro	1797	164	12.8
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 9 in D major	Presto	1778	269	12.6
Beethoven	Sonata no. 24	Allegro vivace	1809	183	12.6
Bach	English Suite No. 1	Bourrée I		48	12.5
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Allemande		24	12.5
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Gigue		56	12.5
Bach	French Suite No. 1	Sarabande	1722	24	12.5
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Sarabande	1722	24	12.5
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Sarabande	1722	24	12.5
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Gigue	1722	48	12.5
Bach	French Suite No. 6	Menuett	1722	24	12.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 4 in E flat major	Menuetto I and Menuetto II	1775	72	12.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 6	Allegro	1796	202	12.4
Beethoven	Sonata no. 1	Menuetto and Trio: Allegretto	1793	73	12.3
Beethoven	Sonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'	Das Wiedersehen: Vivacissimamente	1809	196	12.2
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Prelude		156	12.2
Beethoven	Sonata no. 7	Presto	1797	344	11.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 8 'Pathetique'	Rondo: Allegro	1797	210	11.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 18	Allegro	1802	253	11.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 9	Allegretto	1798	178	11.8
Bach	English Suite No. 6	Prelude		195	11.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 17	Adagio	1802	103	11.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 15 in F major	Andante	1788	122	11.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 16	Allegro vivace	1802	325	11.4
Beethoven	Sonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'	Das Lebewohl: Adagio - Allegro	1809	255	11.4
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Gigue		44	11.4
Beethoven	Sonata no. 31	Moderato cantabile molto espressivo	1821	116	11.2
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Allemande	1722	18	11.1
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Menuett	1722	36	11.1
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Allemande	1717	36	11.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 3	Scherzo: Allegro	1794	127	11.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 8 'Pathetique'	Grave: Allegro di molto e con brio	1797	310	11.0
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 15 in F major	Allegro	1788	239	10.9
Bach	Partita in A minor	Allemande	1722	46	10.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 5	Adagio molto	1795	112	10.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 21 'Waldstein'	Introduzione: Adagio molto	1803	28	10.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 7 in C major	Rondeau – Allegretto grazioso	1777	252	10.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 6	Menuetto: Allegretto	1796	170	10.6
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 18 in D major	Allegretto	1789	189	10.6
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Courante	1722	57	10.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 17 in B flat major	Allegro	1789	209	10.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 10	Allegro	1799	200	10.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 32	Maestoso - Allegro con brio ed appassionato	1821	157	10.2
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 18 in D major	Allegro	1789	160	10.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 9	Rondo: Allegro comodo	1798	131	9.9
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 12 in F major	Allegro assai	1783	245	9.8
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Gigue	1717	72	9.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 3	Allegro assai	1794	312	9.6
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 6 in D major	Allegro	1775	127	9.4
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Gavotte	1722	32	9.4
Beethoven	Sonata no. 7	Menuetto: Allegro	1797	86	9.3
Beethoven	Sonata no. 21 'Waldstein'	Allegro con brio	1803	302	9.3
Bach	English Suite No. 2	Prelude		164	9.1
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 2 in F major	Allegro assai	1775	144	9.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 31	Adagio ma non troppo - Allegro ma non troppo	1821	212	9.0
Bach	French Suite No. 5	Gigue	1722	56	8.9
Beethoven	Sonata no. 6	Presto	1796	150	8.7
Beethoven	Sonata no. 10	Scherzo: Allegro assai	1799	254	8.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 14 in C minor	Molto allegro	1784	185	8.6
Bach	Partita in A minor	Bourrée angloise	1722	70	8.6
Beethoven	Sonata no. 30	Prestissimo	1820	177	8.5
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 2 in F major	Presto	1775	190	8.4
Bach	French Suite No. 4	Gigue	1722	60	8.3
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Courante	1717	72	8.3
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Courante	1717	64	7.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 5	Allegro molto e con brio	1795	284	7.7
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 14 in C minor	Allegro assai	1784	319	7.5
Beethoven	Sonata no. 18	Presto con fuoco	1802	333	7.5
Bach	French Suite No. 3	Gigue	1722	68	7.4
Beethoven	Sonata no. 18	Scherzo: Allegretto vivace	1802	169	7.1
Beethoven	Sonata no. 30	Vivace ma non troppo - Adagio espressivo	1820	99	7.1
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 16 in C major	Allegro	1788	73	6.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 2	Allegro vivace	1794	336	6.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 21 'Waldstein'	Rondo: Allegretto moderato - Prestissimo	1803	543	6.6
Beethoven	Sonata no. 17	Largo: Allegro	1802	228	6.6
Mozart	Piano Sonata no. 5 in G major	Presto	1775	277	6.5
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Gigue	1717	108	6.5
Bach	Suite No. 5 in C minor	Prelude	1717	223	6.3
Bach	English Suite No. 3	Prelude		213	6.1
Bach	French Suite No. 2	Gigue	1722	84	6.0
Beethoven	Sonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')	Allegro ma non troppo - Presto	1804	361	5.8
Bach	Suite No. 6 in D major	Prelude	1717	104	5.8
Bach	Suite No. 4 in E-flat major	Prelude	1717	91	5.5
Bach	Partita in A minor	Corrente	1722	62	4.8
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Courante	1717	84	4.8
Beethoven	Sonata no. 17	Allegretto	1802	399	4.5
Bach	English Suite No. 5	Gigue		96	4.2
Bach	Suite No. 3 in C major	Prelude	1717	88	2.3

Source

DCML corpora (Digital and Cognitive Musicology Lab, EPFL): Beethoven string quartets (ABC; Neuwirth, Harasim, Moss & Rohrmeier 2018), Beethoven piano sonatas (Hentschel et al. 2024), Bach English and French Suites and solo works (Hentschel et al. 2025), Bach chorales (converted from Kaiser 2002), Mozart's 18 piano sonatas (Hentschel, Neuwirth & Rohrmeier 2021, after the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe; added in 1.1). Note, measure and harmony tables extracted from MuseScore files with ms3. https://github.com/DCMLab · License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (chorales: CC0 1.0)

score_metrics_by_movement.csv score_metrics_13_by_movement.csv