Classical Music Metrics
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Score metricsUnit: keys

Keys visited

Number of distinct local keys the movement passes through, per the annotation.

Formula
distinct values of the localkey annotation (home key included)
How to read it
Breadth rather than frequency: moving back and forth between two keys raises the modulation count but leaves this at 2. Bach suites and solo works 2, Mozart 4, Beethoven sonatas 3 and quartets 6.
Caveats
Depends on the annotators' key reading; brief tonicizations are applied chords and do not count. Tends to grow with movement length. Beethoven's piano sonatas enter with the 64 of 91 movements that have harmony annotation.

Distribution by collection

BachBeethovenMozart
25810121518keysBach · English and French Suites44244421124223332342111312633531443111125352231211221212111111111113433323234112233312331median 2Bach · Solo violin, cello and flute34232222112216233251111122112133211413343332233314222141352223132324median 2Beethoven · String quartets1155111133121266865558449942117176101254881041154843555779896834612623327872477457median 6Beethoven · Piano sonatas4353736583467232389322744424522714322421433232237236321412125723median 3Mozart · Piano sonatas233344324233345544523434425242255325345374526653543734median 4
One dot per movement. Vertical bar = collection median. Bach's chorales are not shown: no harmony annotation.
CollectionnMedianQ1Q3MinMax
Bach · English and French Suites8921316
Bach · Solo violin, cello and flute6821316
Beethoven · String quartets70648217
Beethoven · Piano sonatas64324.219
Mozart · Piano sonatas5443527

Ranking

ComposerWorkMovementYearBarsKeys visited
Beethovenn07op59-1_02180647617
Beethovenn02op18-2_04179941212
Beethovenn03op18-3_01String Quartet Op18 No3179826912
Beethovenn08op59-2_01Op. 59 No. 2 Movement 1 Score180625512
Beethovenn14op131_01182612012
Beethovenn01op18-1_01Op. 18 no. 1 mvmnt 1179931311
Beethovenn01op18-1_04Op.18 no1:4179938111
Beethovenn02op18-2_01179924911
Beethovenn06op18-6_04Scherzo180029611
Beethovenn09op59-3_04Op. 59 No. 3 Movement 1 - String Quartet No. 9180642811
Beethovenn07op59-1_04180632710
Beethovenn09op59-3_02Op. 59 No. 3 Movement 1 - String Quartet No. 9180620710
Beethovenn05op18-5_04String Quartet Op.18 No.517993009
Beethovenn06op18-6_01Scherzo18002649
BeethovenString Quartet No12 Op12718232899
Beethovenn13op130_0118252369
BeethovenSonata no. 7Presto17973449
Beethovenn03op18-3_04String Quartet Op18 No317983648
Beethovenn05op18-5_01String Quartet Op.18 No.517992258
Beethovenn08op59-2_04String Quartet Op 59 No. 2 - Fourth Movement18064098
Beethovenn09op59-3_01Op. 59 No. 3 Movement 1 - String Quartet No. 918062698
BeethovenString Quartet18094678
BeethovenString Quartet No12 Op12718232998
Beethovenn13op130_031825898
BeethovenString Quartet No15 Op 13218232648
BeethovenSonata no. 3Allegro con brio17942578
BeethovenSonata no. 6Presto17961508
Beethovenn07op59-1_0118064007
BeethovenString Quartet No12 Op12718232827
BeethovenString Quartet No12 Op12718231267
Beethovenn14op131_0718263877
Beethovenn15op132_0218232387
BeethovenString Quartet No15 Op 13218234047
Beethovenn16op135_0118261937
Beethovenn16op135_0418262827
BeethovenSonata no. 2Allegro vivace17943367
BeethovenSonata no. 5Allegro molto e con brio17952847
BeethovenSonata no. 8 'Pathetique'Grave: Allegro di molto e con brio17973107
BeethovenSonata no. 16Allegro vivace18023257
BeethovenSonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')Allegro assai18042627
BeethovenSonata no. 31Adagio ma non troppo - Allegro ma non troppo18212127
MozartPiano Sonata no. 14 in C minorAdagio1784577
MozartPiano Sonata no. 18 in D majorAllegro17891607
Beethovenn03op18-3_02String Quartet Op18 No317981516
Beethovenn03op18-3_03String Quartet Op18 No317981686
Beethovenn04op18-4_01String Quartet Op18 No417992196
Beethovenn07op59-1_0318061326
Beethovenn13op130_0218251076
Beethovenn13op130_0618254936
Beethovenn14op131_0218261976
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Prelude1086
BachSonata No. 2 in A minorFuga17202896
BeethovenSonata no. 2Scherzo: Allegretto1794686
BeethovenSonata no. 3Allegro assai17943126
BeethovenSonata no. 24Adagio cantabile - Allegro ma non broppo18091056
MozartPiano Sonata no. 15 in F majorRondo – Allegretto17881876
MozartPiano Sonata no. 16 in C majorAllegro1788736
Beethovenn01op18-1_02op18_no1_mvmnt2_all17991105
Beethovenn01op18-1_03op.18 no.1 mvmnt.317991455
Beethovenn04op18-4_02String Quartet Op18 No417992615
Beethovenn04op18-4_03String Quartet Op18 No41799985
Beethovenn04op18-4_04String Quartet Op18 No417992175
Beethovenn08op59-2_02Op 59 No 2 2nd Movement - Score18061575
BeethovenString Quartet18092625
Beethovenn11op95_0218101925
Beethovenn11op95_0318102075
Beethovenn11op95_0418101755
Beethovenn16op135_031826545
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Sarabande245
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Prelude1955
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Courante325
BachSonata No. 3 in C majorFuga17203545
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorPrelude17171045
BeethovenSonata no. 1Menuetto and Trio: Allegretto1793735
BeethovenSonata no. 2Rondo: Grazioso17941875
BeethovenSonata no. 10Allegro17992005
BeethovenSonata no. 31Allegro molto18211585
MozartPiano Sonata no. 5 in G majorPresto17752775
MozartPiano Sonata no. 6 in D majorAllegro17751275
MozartPiano Sonata no. 7 in C majorAllegro con spirito17771555
MozartPiano Sonata no. 9 in D majorPresto17782695
MozartPiano Sonata no. 11 in A majorMenuetto and Trio17831005
MozartPiano Sonata no. 11 in A majorAlla Turca17831275
MozartPiano Sonata no. 12 in F majorAllegro assai17832455
MozartPiano Sonata no. 13 in B flat majorAllegretto grazioso17832245
MozartPiano Sonata no. 15 in F majorAllegro17882395
MozartPiano Sonata no. 16 in C majorAndante1788745
MozartPiano Sonata no. 17 in B flat majorAllegro17892095
Beethovenn05op18-5_02String Quartet Op.18 No.517991054
Beethovenn05op18-5_03String Quartet Op.18 No.517991394
Beethovenn06op18-6_02Scherzo1800794
Beethovenn08op59-2_03Op 59 No 2 3rd Movement - Score18061344
Beethovenn09op59-3_03Op. 59 No. 3 Movement 1 - String Quartet No. 91806964
BeethovenString Quartet18091694
BeethovenString Quartet18091954
Beethovenn13op130_051825664
BeethovenString Quartet No15 Op 1321823464
Beethovenn16op135_0218262724
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Prelude374
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Allemande324
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Courante II244
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Double I244
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Double II244
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Prelude1644
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Prelude2134
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Gigue524
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Prelude1564
BachFrench Suite No. 4Courante1722364
BachFrench Suite No. 5Sarabande1722404
BachSonata No. 1 in G minorFuga (Allegro)1720944
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorGigue1717764
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorSarabande1717244
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorGigue1717424
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorGavotte I1717364
BachPartita in A minorBourrée angloise1722704
BeethovenSonata no. 1Allegro17931524
BeethovenSonata no. 3Scherzo: Allegro17941274
BeethovenSonata no. 8 'Pathetique'Adagio cantabile1797734
BeethovenSonata no. 8 'Pathetique'Rondo: Allegro17972104
BeethovenSonata no. 9Allegro17981614
BeethovenSonata no. 9Rondo: Allegro comodo17981314
BeethovenSonata no. 16Rondo: Allegretto - presto18022754
BeethovenSonata no. 18Allegro18022534
BeethovenSonata no. 18Presto con fuoco18023334
BeethovenSonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'Das Wiedersehen: Vivacissimamente18091964
MozartPiano Sonata no. 2 in F majorAdagio1775604
MozartPiano Sonata no. 2 in F majorPresto17751904
MozartPiano Sonata no. 3 in B flat majorRondeau – Allegro17751624
MozartPiano Sonata no. 5 in G majorAndante1775394
MozartPiano Sonata no. 6 in D majorRondo en Polonaise - Andante1775924
MozartPiano Sonata no. 6 in D majorAndante17752604
MozartPiano Sonata no. 8 in A minorAllegro con spirito17771334
MozartPiano Sonata no. 8 in A minorRondeau – Allegro17772524
MozartPiano Sonata no. 9 in D majorAllegro maestoso17781124
MozartPiano Sonata no. 10 in C majorAndante cantabile1783644
MozartPiano Sonata no. 13 in B flat majorAndante cantabile1783824
MozartPiano Sonata no. 14 in C minorAllegro assai17843194
MozartPiano Sonata no. 17 in B flat majorAdagio1789554
MozartPiano Sonata no. 18 in D majorAllegretto17891894
Beethovenn02op18-2_021799863
Beethovenn02op18-2_031799873
Beethovenn11op95_0118101513
Beethovenn13op130_0418251503
Beethovenn14op131_0418262763
Beethovenn14op131_0518264993
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Sarabande283
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Agréments de la Sarabande283
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Bourrée I563
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Gigue743
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Gavotte I343
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Allemande243
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Courante203
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Menuett I323
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Allemande243
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Allemande243
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Gavotte I323
BachFrench Suite No. 4Allemande1722203
BachFrench Suite No. 4Sarabande1722243
BachFrench Suite No. 4Gavotte1722223
BachFrench Suite No. 4Air1722223
BachFrench Suite No. 4Gigue1722603
BachFrench Suite No. 5Courante1722323
BachFrench Suite No. 6Allemande1722283
BachFrench Suite No. 6Courante1722323
BachFrench Suite No. 6Sarabande1722243
BachFrench Suite No. 6Bourrée1722423
BachFrench Suite No. 6Gigue1722483
BachSonata No. 1 in G minorAdagio1720223
BachSonata No. 1 in G minorPresto17201363
BachSonata No. 2 in A minorAllegro1720583
BachPartita No. 2 in D minorAllemanda1720323
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorAllemande1717243
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorCourante1717323
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorAllemande1717243
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorCourante1717843
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorBourrée I1717283
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorBourrée II1717243
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorGigue17171083
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorCourante1717643
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorSarabande1717323
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorBourrée I1717483
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorGigue1717723
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorGavotte I1717283
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorGigue1717683
BachPartita in A minorCorrente1722623
BeethovenSonata no. 1Adagio1793613
BeethovenSonata no. 1Prestissimo17931963
BeethovenSonata no. 2Largo appassionato1794803
BeethovenSonata no. 3Adagio1794823
BeethovenSonata no. 5Finale: Prestissimo17951223
BeethovenSonata no. 6Menuetto: Allegretto17961703
BeethovenSonata no. 7Largo e mesto1797873
BeethovenSonata no. 17Largo: Allegro18022283
BeethovenSonata no. 19Andante17971103
BeethovenSonata no. 19Rondo: Allegro17971643
BeethovenSonata no. 20Tempo di Menuetto17951203
BeethovenSonata no. 21 'Waldstein'Rondo: Allegretto moderato - Prestissimo18035433
BeethovenSonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')Allegro ma non troppo - Presto18043613
BeethovenSonata no. 24Allegro vivace18091833
BeethovenSonata no. 32Arietta: Adagio molto semplice e cantabile18211773
MozartPiano Sonata no. 1 in C majorAndante1775743
MozartPiano Sonata no. 1 in C majorAllegro17751583
MozartPiano Sonata no. 2 in F majorAllegro assai17751443
MozartPiano Sonata no. 3 in B flat majorAllegro17751093
MozartPiano Sonata no. 4 in E flat majorMenuetto I and Menuetto II1775723
MozartPiano Sonata no. 4 in E flat majorAllegro17751023
MozartPiano Sonata no. 5 in G majorAllegro17751203
MozartPiano Sonata no. 7 in C majorRondeau – Allegretto grazioso17772523
MozartPiano Sonata no. 8 in A minorAndante con espressione1777863
MozartPiano Sonata no. 12 in F majorAllegro17832293
MozartPiano Sonata no. 13 in B flat majorAllegro17831653
MozartPiano Sonata no. 14 in C minorMolto allegro17841853
MozartPiano Sonata no. 16 in C majorRondo – Allegretto1788733
MozartPiano Sonata no. 17 in B flat majorAllegretto1789893
MozartPiano Sonata no. 18 in D majorAdagio1789673
Beethovenn06op18-6_03Scherzo1800682
Beethovenn14op131_031826102
Beethovenn14op131_061826272
BeethovenString Quartet No15 Op 13218232112
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Courante I202
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Sarabande322
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Gigue402
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Allemande242
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Courante242
BachEnglish Suite No. 2Bourrée II242
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Allemande242
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Gigue442
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Gigue962
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Sarabande242
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Double242
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Gigue562
BachFrench Suite No. 1Sarabande1722242
BachFrench Suite No. 1Menuett I1722242
BachFrench Suite No. 1Gigue1722282
BachFrench Suite No. 2Courante1722572
BachFrench Suite No. 4Menuett1722162
BachFrench Suite No. 5Allemande1722242
BachFrench Suite No. 5Loure1722162
BachFrench Suite No. 5Gigue1722562
BachFrench Suite No. 6Polonaise1722242
BachSonata No. 1 in G minorSiciliana1720202
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorAllemanda1720242
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorDouble1720242
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorCorrente1720802
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorDouble (Presto)1720802
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorTempo di Borea1720682
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorDouble1720682
BachSonata No. 2 in A minorAndante1720262
BachPartita No. 2 in D minorCorrente1720542
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorCourante1717422
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorSarabande1717162
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorGigue1717342
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorSarabande1717282
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorPrelude1717912
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorAllemande1717402
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorPrelude17172232
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorAllemande1717362
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorCourante1717242
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorAllemande1717202
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorCourante1717722
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorSarabande1717322
BachPartita in A minorAllemande1722462
BachPartita in A minorSarabande1722462
BeethovenSonata no. 5Adagio molto17951122
BeethovenSonata no. 6Allegro17962022
BeethovenSonata no. 7Menuetto: Allegro1797862
BeethovenSonata no. 7Rondo17971132
BeethovenSonata no. 9Allegretto17981782
BeethovenSonata no. 10Andante1799902
BeethovenSonata no. 10Scherzo: Allegro assai17992542
BeethovenSonata no. 17Adagio18021032
BeethovenSonata no. 17Allegretto18023992
BeethovenSonata no. 18Scherzo: Allegretto vivace18021692
BeethovenSonata no. 20Allegro ma non troppo17951222
BeethovenSonata no. 21 'Waldstein'Allegro con brio18033022
BeethovenSonata no. 21 'Waldstein'Introduzione: Adagio molto1803282
BeethovenSonata no. 23 ('Appassionata')Andante con moto1804972
BeethovenSonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'Das Lebewohl: Adagio - Allegro18092552
BeethovenSonata no. 30Prestissimo18201772
BeethovenSonata no. 31Moderato cantabile molto espressivo18211162
BeethovenSonata no. 32Maestoso - Allegro con brio ed appassionato18211572
MozartPiano Sonata no. 1 in C majorAllegro17751002
MozartPiano Sonata no. 3 in B flat majorAndante amoroso17751062
MozartPiano Sonata no. 4 in E flat majorAdagio1775362
MozartPiano Sonata no. 7 in C majorAndante un poco adagio1777792
MozartPiano Sonata no. 9 in D majorAndante cantabile con espressione1778932
MozartPiano Sonata no. 10 in C majorAllegro moderato17831502
MozartPiano Sonata no. 10 in C majorAllegretto17831712
MozartPiano Sonata no. 11 in A majorAndante grazioso17831342
MozartPiano Sonata no. 12 in F majorAdagio1783402
MozartPiano Sonata no. 15 in F majorAndante17881222
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Bourrée I481
BachEnglish Suite No. 1Bourrée II361
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Courante321
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Sarabande241
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Agréments de la Sarabande241
BachEnglish Suite No. 3Gavotte II161
BachEnglish Suite No. 4Menuett II321
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Courante281
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Sarabande241
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Passepied I801
BachEnglish Suite No. 5Passepied II241
BachEnglish Suite No. 6Gavotte II241
BachFrench Suite No. 1Allemande1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 1Courante1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 1Menuett II1722401
BachFrench Suite No. 2Allemande1722181
BachFrench Suite No. 2Sarabande1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 2Air1722161
BachFrench Suite No. 2Menuett1722321
BachFrench Suite No. 2Gigue1722841
BachFrench Suite No. 3Allemande1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 3Courante1722281
BachFrench Suite No. 3Sarabande1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 3Gavotte1722321
BachFrench Suite No. 3Menuett1722361
BachFrench Suite No. 3Trio1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 3Gigue1722681
BachFrench Suite No. 5Gavotte1722241
BachFrench Suite No. 5Bourrée1722301
BachFrench Suite No. 6Gavotte1722201
BachFrench Suite No. 6Menuett1722241
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorSarabande1720321
BachPartita No. 1 in B minorDouble1720321
BachSonata No. 2 in A minorGrave1720231
BachPartita No. 3 in E majorMenuet1720661
BachPartita No. 3 in E majorBourrée1720361
BachPartita No. 3 in E majorGigue1720321
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorPrelude1717421
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorAllemande1717321
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorMinuet I1717241
BachSuite No. 1 in G majorMinuet II1717241
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorPrelude1717631
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorMinuet I1717241
BachSuite No. 2 in D minorMinuet II1717241
BachSuite No. 3 in C majorPrelude1717881
BachSuite No. 4 in E-flat majorBourrée II1717121
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorSarabande1717201
BachSuite No. 5 in C minorGavotte II1717221
BachSuite No. 6 in D majorGavotte II1717241
BeethovenSonata no. 16Adagio grazioso18021191
BeethovenSonata no. 18Menuetto: Moderato e grazioso1802611
BeethovenSonata no. 26 'Les Adieux'Abwesenheit: Andante espressivo1809421
BeethovenSonata no. 30Vivace ma non troppo - Adagio espressivo1820991
BeethovenSonata no. 30Gesangvoll, mit innigster Empfindung: Andante molto cantabile ed espressivo18202031

Source

DCML corpora (Digital and Cognitive Musicology Lab, EPFL): Beethoven string quartets (ABC; Neuwirth, Harasim, Moss & Rohrmeier 2018), Beethoven piano sonatas (Hentschel et al. 2024), Bach English and French Suites and solo works (Hentschel et al. 2025), Bach chorales (converted from Kaiser 2002), Mozart's 18 piano sonatas (Hentschel, Neuwirth & Rohrmeier 2021, after the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe; added in 1.1). Note, measure and harmony tables extracted from MuseScore files with ms3. https://github.com/DCMLab · License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (chorales: CC0 1.0)

score_metrics_by_movement.csvscore_metrics_13_by_movement.csv